padata sangutan chap 3

Chapter 3
1. Kalat (1996) explains that Social Learning or Social Cognition Theory is the view (revise)
2. as this theory suggests that society and people were (are) subjects to the same laws of Darwin’s natural selection
3. depending on the degree of how it suit through time. (grammar)
4. Finally, to know Junquera more deeply, the area was conceptually divided into two periods of time namely, Daytime and Night-time. (tense consistency; you have been using present tense)
5. In the daytime Junquera, Cultural Materialism was put into consideration (same as comment no. 4)
6. The said theory was applied (same as 4)
7. Lastly, the Daytime Business Zone and the Night-time Prostitution Hub, two attributes of Junquera, were broken down into subdivisions. (same as 4)
8. the researchers will try to find out the Business activities in Junquera. In understanding Junquera as the Night-time Prostitution Hub, sex trade becomes the specific subject. By conceptually breaking down the topics, the researchers found out the subtopics that must be investigated. (tense consistency)

Chapter III
STUDY FRAMEWORK
Theoretical Framework
This study focuses on the place called “Junquera” and the underlying factors and attributes that must be considered in the context. These factors include the changes in social, economic and cultural structures alongside modernization and the emergence of prostitution in Junquera. In the process of understanding Junquera as a dual-faced area, the researchers will try to understand its phenomenon basing on the established theories and principles.
These theories and principles as used in the conduct of this research are essential in the over-all understanding of the said area. Furthermore, the theories presented in this chapter provide direction for the conduct of the research while at the same time help the researchers in finding answers to the questions posed throughout the research.
The theories are presented in chronological order as they are applied to the variables of this study. They include the Theory on Sociocultural evolutionism, the theory on Cultural Materialism, the theory on Social Learning, and the Field Theory.
The first Theory related to the study is the “Sociocultural Theory” proposed by Edward Burnett Taylor and Lewis Henry Morgan who also pioneered other branching theory. Sociocultural Theory was further developed by Franz Boaz who introduced the “cultural history” approach. Later on, Leslie White and Julian Steward further revise some aspects of sociocultural evolutionism (freedictionary.com, 2010).
Sociocultural evolution theory states that “culture and society developed from simple to complex forms” (freedictionary.com, 2010). Thus, sociocultural evolution can be defined as “the process by which structural reorganization is affected through time, eventually producing a form or structure distinct from the previous one” (Claessen, as cited by Wikipedia.org, 2010). In short, this theory explains that societies change through time. It further embodies the principle that society and people are subjects to the same laws of Darwin’s natural selection. It explains that the life of human beings in a society is a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of the fittest.” Wealth is a natural sign of superiority and its absence is a sign of unfitness (freedictionary.com, 2010).
The next theory this study is based on is the Theory on Cultural Materialism. This theory was first introduced by Marvin Harris in his book The Rise of Anthropological Theory. This theory is said to be the most enduring achievement of his work because it is a useful tool in anthropological researches and in formulating theoretical basis as evident in the conduct of this study.
Cultural materialism theory is an anthropological research orientation, a theoretical paradigm and a research strategy. According to Harris (as cited by freedictionary.com, 2010), cultural materialism is based on the premise that human social life is a response to the practical problems of earthly existence. It was influenced by ideas of various writers and philosophers though distinct from other ideas. It was dubbed as an extension of the theories on cultural evolution and cultural ecology because it became instrumental in the re-emergence of the evolutionist theories of culture on the 20th century. To note, cultural materialism theory is a wide-ranging critique of Western thinking about culture.
The next theory that will be used in this research considers one important element of Junquera which is its people. It is called Social Learning or Social Cognitive Theory. This theory deals with the correlational relationships between behaviour and the environment together with man’s thinking and the social environment. Hence, the inhabitants of a particular area are the subject of this theory.
Kalat (1996) explains that Social Learning or Social Cognition Theory is the view that people learn through observation and imitation of other’s behaviours and by considering the consequences of one’s behaviour (p. 256). The theory further explains the fact that changes in behaviour are determined by the environment, the companions, and the community. Moreover, the individual’s environment might affect his/her development and personal characteristics while his/her personality, behaviour may alter the environment and his/her thoughts.
Social learning theory is related to the following theory which is the Field Theory by Kurt Lewin. These two interrelated theories deal with people in the society. While Social Learning Theory explains the effects of the environment on the behaviour of an individual, Field Theory looks on all factors which affect the behaviour of the person, including himself. Thus, the scope of Field Theory is much wider than the previous theory.
Lewin (as cited by Leyson, Maghirang, Pareja, 2004) formulates the Field Theory as he proposes that the “human behaviour is the function of both the person and the environment.” It explains that the individual’s behaviour is related to his/her personal characteristics and social situations. To further understand behaviour, the total psychological field must be viewed and studied because the theory suggests that the power of underlying factor determine the behaviour (p. 15).
Figure 1 in the next page shows how these theories are interwoven in order to fully understand the nature of Junquera. The variables used in this study are discussed in the conceptual framework.


Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of this study shows that history and geography of Junquera influence or shape the people, the business activities in the area, and the physical set-up in the present Junquera. As the two factors mentioned above play the role in the shaping of today’s Junquera, they contribute to the transformation of Junquera from a focal point of entertainment to the present Daytime Business Zone and a Night-time Prostitution Hub. Hence, the theory that can serve as back-up to this principle is the Sociocultural Evolutionism with its concomitant theories.
The Sociocultural evolution theory considers History of Junquera and its transformation from past to present. It deals with the issue on how Junquera has changed from a significant point of Cebuano entertainment to a dual-natured area of Daytime Business Spot and Night-time Prostitution Hub. Moreover, as this theory suggests that society and people were subjects to the same laws of Darwin’s natural selection, it can be noted that the process of change in Junquera’s timeline is influenced by Junquera’s struggle for existence ruled by “survival of the fittest.” Hence, it can be said that Junquera’s people, business activities and infrastructures are products of a long process of evolution. Within this principle, the features which constitute present Junquera are the remnants of a continuous process of change and survival such that if any of these features can no longer respond to the demands of time, it will be altered or worse, deleted. To put it simply, each feature of Junquera in the past were either eliminated or retained depending on the degree of how it suit through time. One of the features in Junquera which was eliminated is its status as a Cebuano entertainment spot similar to Hollywood in America or Bollywood in India. Junquera’s status as a Business Zone in the ancient times still remains up to this very day.
After Sociocultural Evolutionism supports and helps explain the structural reorganization in Junquera, its inhabitants’ profiles with their behaviour, lifestyle, etc. are considered in relation to their environment, that is, Junquera. At this juncture, Social Learning is used. It can be noted that factors like infrastructures and business activities influence the lifestyle of Junquera’s inhabitants because changes in either one of these factors affect the occupants in Junquera. Finally, to know Junquera more deeply, the area was conceptually divided into two periods of time namely, Daytime and Night-time.
In the daytime Junquera, Cultural Materialism was put into consideration because Junquera at day is a Business Zone. As explained earlier, it deals with the social life and human needs. The said theory was applied in the context of Junquera as a growing business zone. In addition, modernization and globalization are prevalent in the nature of the area which implies a change in the cultural structure of the society. This change in the cultural structure of Junquera paved way for the rise of materialism for alongside modernization and globalization is the change of attitude towards material wealth. Finally, night-time Junquera as a Prostitution Hub can be supported by Field Theory of Kurt Lewin especially in understanding the inhabitants at night, how the environment at night in Junquera inhibit many prostituted women to appear at night.
Figure 2 in the next page shows the relationship of various factors that define Junquera from past to present then from day to night.


Operational Framework
In the operational framework of this research, the topics are now further subdivided into the very specific subtopics. The subdivisions in the previous framework are further subdivided to create a clearer picture of the study. Factors shaping the present Junquera like its history and geography are broken down into sub-factors which must also be considered. The history of Junquera is broken down into the periods before, during, and after the colonization of Westerners in the Philippines. Geography is specified to be a strategic location for social interaction.
History of Junquera was categorized into specific eras; namely: pre-colonization, colonization period, and the modern era or post-colonization. On the other hand, geography is further subdivided into Junquera as Business crossroad and as a Strategic Location for Social gathering. These two major factors, as we all know, shape/influence the Business Activities, Inhabitants, and the Physical Set-up.
The Business Activities, People and Infrastructures which constitute present Junquera are also conceptually broken down. The People are studied through their profiles while the Business Activities and the Infrastructures are studied through the types and structures. Through this process, the researchers can systematically study Junquera.
With regards to the People in Junquera, their profile could be understood by knowing their common educational attainment and common occupation. Similarly, Business Activities and Infrastructures could also be known by categorizing their types and purposes. Lastly, the Daytime Business Zone and the Night-time Prostitution Hub, two attributes of Junquera, were broken down into subdivisions. To know specifically about Junquera as the Business Zone, the researchers will try to find out the Business activities in Junquera. In understanding Junquera as the Night-time Prostitution Hub, sex trade becomes the specific subject. By conceptually breaking down the topics, the researchers found out the subtopics that must be investigated.
Finally, Junquera’s Daytime Business Zone is further identified into shoe making and shoe repair while Junquera’s Night-time Prostitution Hub is further identified into Female Prostitution. Following this framework, the researchers will be able to know the answers to the problem.
Figure 3 in the next page shows the flow of operational framework of this research.