quijada

1. then, we excavate (change word) the
2. the first paragraph does not explain the organization of your chapter. Revise
3. (no citation of sources here?) It is similar to sites such as Myspace and Friendster which is designed to connect users with one another. At present, Facebook has more than 60 million active members, and is generally considered the leading social networking site among college students. Facebook enables individuals to create profiles that display their personal interests, affiliations, photos and basically anything they wish to post based on their privacy settings. It establishes social connection among users by joining in groups and networks, and allows communication through chat, private messages and wall posts (Krivak, 2011).
4. This allows the users to consider it as a self-presentation tool. He (who is your referent?)
5. Joinson explains that:
6. “Factor analysis identified seven unique uses and gratifications: social connection, shared identities, content, social investigation, social network surfing and status updating. User demographics, site visit patterns and the use of privacy settings were associated with different uses and gratifications.” (Page?)
7. According to Clarke (2009), the youth’s adaptation towards digital technology and how this affects their lives in terms of the social and psychological development of the child. (fragment)
8. Debatin (2009) explains that Early Adolescence is a stage of our well-being that nurtures our emotional aspects. This is the level where friendship becomes substantial for the young’s discovery to the real world. He added (tense consistency)
9. He added that, “In playing with identity, building relationships, maintaining friendships and turning to each other for encouragement and companionship, children gain digital agency” (page no.?)
10. The policy of early adolsecents’ use of digital technology is made with full understanding to prevent potential risks that hinder child’s development and they have embraced Facebook as part of their daily routine. (why did you italicized the last part?)
11. for parents to cope up with (to cope with)
12. …investigated on the motives of older adolescents that have driven them to become frequent users of such social networking sites. The survey conducted among 703 older adolescents..(where is the locale?)
13. But as expansion of Facebook emerged since 2004, it (what?) became popular
14. Another study conducted by Park and Kee (2008) in Valenzuela (where? Q.C.?)
15. through various connections with the faculty and alumni (“7 Things You should know about Facebook”, 2006). (why title?)
16. Frederic Stutzman’s (2006) An Evaluation of Identity-Sharing Behavior in Social Network Communities focused on a typical college campus (where?locale?)
17. Another point of Boyd (2008) is:
“With an elevated and idealized view of privacy, we often forget the reasons that enslaved peoples desperately wished for access to public life. By allowing us to have a collective experience with people who are both like and unlike us, public life validates the reality that we are experiencing. We are doing our youth a disservice if we believe that we can protect them from the world by limiting their access to public life. They must enter that arena, make mistakes, and learn from them. Our role as adults is not to be their policemen, but to be their guide.” (page?)
18. Another advantage (of what?) is the students…
19. On the other hand, a study on “The Benefits of Facebook “Friends”: Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Networking Sites”, shows that Facebook is by far an effective way for “social capital accumulation”. (whose study?)
20. As what Ellison concluded, Matthew and Boogart (2006) also clarify (is there a connection?) that:
“Most students use Facebook as a tool for staying connected to friends from high school, but there is a small population who are using it as a tool to make social connections they could not find in person.” (Page?)
21. Yet another possible downside (of what?)
22. A study in the University of Georgia suggests that narcissistic users can be identified in Facebook through self- promoting (Buffardi, L., Campbell W. “Study: Facebook profiles can be used to detect narcissism”, 2008). (review your notes on citation)
23. "It just turns out that narcissists are using Facebook the same way they use their other relationships – for self promotion with an emphasis on quantity of over quality." (page or para)
24. A survey was conducted among 183 college students (of which school? Locale?) to find out whether Facebook and Myspace is really a substitute for face-to-face interaction..
25. Sites like Facebook allows (subject verb agreement) them to..
26. both in public and in private means (Kee, et. al, 2008). Lessons from Facebook: The Effect of Social Network Sites on College Students' Social Capital.(review your note on citation)
27. According to Kirschner and Karpinski (2010), there is much empirical documentation concerning the negative effects of attempting to simultaneously process different streams of information showing that such behavior leads to both increased study time to achieve learning parity and an increase mistakes while processing information than those who are sequentially or serially processing that same information”. (where does this quote begin?)
28. The use of Facebook can be a distraction from (to) their studies and at the same time, it can be a useful social network that helps them communicate with fellow students. (revise)
29. This “public drama” violates “friendship or civility”. According to Naomi Rockler – Gladen, (year)
30. The last paragraph failed to relate your study to reviewed sources. Revise last paragraph
BIBLIO
1. Martinez book entry not complete
2. Research/theses are from the net. 3 local/printed research materials are required.
3. Some titles are not in italics


This chapter explains the related studies for this research. To fully understand this study about the Frequency of using Facebook among UP Cebu Freshmen students and Its effects on their studies, we explore in the world of social networks. Then, we excavate the broad concept of social networks by specifically talking about our variable, which is Facebook. It is also essential to know the people practicing the phenomenon of online communities and the factors that encourage them to engage in this activity, equipped with its advantages and disadvantages to weigh ideas that help support our study.

Social network communities have made possible the sharing of identity information within a directed network. Unlike any other traditional methods for identity information disclosure, the social network community provides a more subjective and personal disclosure of identity information (Stutzman, 2006).

According to Matthew (2006), several social networks have spread all throughout the web. Among the many “online social communities”, Facebook rules.

Facebook is a social networking site created by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004, while he was a student in Harvard University. It is similar to sites such as Myspace and Friendster which is designed to connect users with one another. At present, Facebook has more than 60 million active members, and is generally considered the leading social networking site among college students. Facebook enables individuals to create profiles that display their personal interests, affiliations, photos and basically anything they wish to post based on their privacy settings. It establishes social connection among users by joining in groups and networks, and allows communication through chat, private messages and wall posts (Krivak, 2011).

Joinson (2008) stated that there are several social networking sites gratifications that users are beguiling for. These gratifications let us know the frequency of use of a user and recognizing the escalating time spent on this site. User’s updates of its peers may mean the frequency to visit the site and the dare to balance privacy controls of sites like Facebook. Facebook gives users the freedom to share whatever they want and keep whatever they don’t. This allows the users to consider it as a self-presentation tool. He also investigated on the uses and gratifications of social networking sites but more specifically, in Facebook. In the first study, 137 users were asked to identify the important uses of Facebook and what they enjoyed about their use. Their responses were then coded into 46 items which were completed by 241users in the second study. Joinson explains that:

“Factor analysis identified seven unique uses and gratifications: social connection, shared identities, content, social investigation, social network surfing and status updating. User demographics, site visit patterns and the use of privacy settings were associated with different uses and gratifications.”

The social implications of Joinson’s study indicates that an increased awareness of others’ actions in social networking sites such as Facebook can potentially help us relate to others, and understand ourselves.

Facebook has become one of the most visited Internet sites today. It enables the development of third-party social networking applications and this key innovation had arguably led to Facebook’s emerging success in enhancing the user experience (Gjoka, et. al, 2008).

According to Clarke (2009), the youth’s adaptation towards digital technology and how this affects their lives in terms of the social and psychological development of the child. He explains that this adaptation has greatly influenced these young teenagers’ lives with peers and how one’s emotional support is being practiced. Debatin (2009) explains that Early Adolescence is a stage of our well-being that nurtures our emotional aspects. This is the level where friendship becomes substantial for the young’s discovery to the real world. He added that, “In playing with identity, building relationships, maintaining friendships and turning to each other for encouragement and companionship, children gain digital agency”. For Debatin, this becomes an advantage to the child’s transition period. The policy of early adolsecents’ use of digital technology is made with full understanding to prevent potential risks that hinder child’s development and they have embraced Facebook as part of their daily routine.

However, Livingstone’s (2008) article on “Taking Risky Opportunities in Youthful Content Creation: Teenagers' Use of Social Networking Sites for Intimacy, Privacy and Self-Expression” contrasts youth’s formation of friends with the social networking sites’ classification. He claimed that with the use of different media of information, parents must be familiar with its contents to share with their children’s activity, but as digital technology came into the picture, it becomes near to impossible for parents to cope up with this innovation. Livingstone said that the demands that goes with it bears the real challenge to engage with online activities, acquire information and education content, but its difficulty captivates parents to the wrong idea that they can’t be like their children who are Internet experts.

Unlike their parents, young adults depend a lot on the Internet for leisure and information. Based on steady themes rising out of spotlight discussions, it is planned that persons use social-networking sites to practice careful, well organized, and instant bond with others for their interpersonal communication fulfillment and as an ongoing way to search for the approval and support of other people (Urista, et. al, 2009).

To support Urista’s point of view, Barker’s (2008) paper on “Older Adolescents' Motivations for Use of Social Networking Sites: The Influence of Group Identity and Collective Self-esteem”, investigated on the motives of older adolescents that have driven them to become frequent users of such social networking sites. The survey conducted among 703 older adolescents revealed that there were four motivations for the use of social networking sites: passing time, entertainment, social identity gratifications and virtual companionship. It appears that the most important motivations were entertainment and passing time for those users who associated with their peer groups and felt positive about them. On the contrary, the users who did not connect with their peer groups and reported negative feelings about them appeared to act instrumentally by seeking virtual companion from social networking sites.

But as expansion of Facebook emerged since 2004, it became popular among students and even colleges and universities across the United States had joined the trend in using Facebook to establish social interaction as members of their institutions (Robert and Boogart, 2008).

The social networking environment has drawn students, particularly on the college demographic, to participate in Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes, revealing that there are four factors which encourage the students to participate in groups within Facebook namely: socializing, entertainment, self-status seeking, and information. Depending on the user demographics such as gender, hometown, and year in school, these gratifications may vary (Kee, et. al, 2009).

Another study conducted by Park and Kee (2008) in Valenzuela, “Lessons from Facebook: The Effects of Social Network Sites on College Students’ Social Capital”, find moderate, positive relationships between intensity of Facebook use and students' life satisfaction, social trust, civic participation and political engagement. The purpose of Park and Kee’s study was to explore if young adult’s use of social networking sites such as Facebook was related to their stock of social capital. The results differed from the popular view that the constant Facebook users are more isolated and less connected than occasional users. Based on the data gathered at different campuses, it appears that there is actually a positive relationship between the social capital variables and intensity of Facebook use.

Defining one’s self-identity and learning how to relate to others is an essential part of college and Facebook has made it possible for students to develop these skills. Moreover, Facebook serves as a tool to facilitate relationships with fellow students and may also provide professional opportunities through various connections with the faculty and alumni (“7 Things You should know about Facebook”, 2006).

In the generation of online spaces, college students found mediums for enhancing social relations. “Online Social Networking on Campus: Understanding what matters in student culture”, is a reliable guide for Higher Education where it can be greatly helpful including the administrative staffs of schools, which understands college students’ activities in these social networking sites. Essentially, the use of these sites in campus is helpful to recognize students’ information (Martinez, et. al. 2008).

Advantages and Disadvantages

“Information literacy—the ability to negotiate the opportunities and risks of the Internet age—is an increasingly important aspect of higher education.” (“7 Things You should know about Facebook”, 2006). The article also stated that the use of Facebook is not merely a social activity, but more importantly it encourages the students to express themselves, communicate and explore the online world where they are exposed to new ideas and experiences that will fully develop their potentials and hone their skills. The emerging use of this technology would enable educators to understand the compelling nature of social networking sites that may be integrated in teaching and learning.

And for academic institutions, the protection of student identity information is their main concern. Frederic Stutzman’s (2006) An Evaluation of Identity-Sharing Behavior in Social Network Communities focused on a typical college campus and the results of the quantitative analysis revealed that undergraduates participate in social networking communities more commonly than graduate students.

Unlike any other social networking sites, what makes Facebook interesting is its feature of privacy where members have limited access in viewing profiles. Facebook helps members reach out within and outside their social group. It updates users with their clubs’ and organizations’ whereabouts. Facebook allows members to organize school-related activities. With countless users, Facebook becomes inevitable for education purposes (Matthew, 2006).

In addition, Grimmelman (2009) provides us an understanding of social networking sites’ “law and policy of privacy”. Facebook users may not fully be aware as they socialize in the site that their privacy may be badly affected. Since Facebook is a way to let users share something about them, policy-makers can ensure how they can use it safely.

Data shows from Boyd’s and Hargittai’s (2010) “Facebook privacy settings: Who cares?” states, that no matter how passive Facebook users are about privacy matters, most of them manage to at least consider their privacy settings. The link between Facebook’s contents and its privacy is emphasized because it is useful for users to manage their privacy settings for the safety of sharing one’s information. Another point of Boyd (2008) is:

“With an elevated and idealized view of privacy, we often forget the reasons that enslaved peoples desperately wished for access to public life. By allowing us to have a collective experience with people who are both like and unlike us, public life validates the reality that we are experiencing. We are doing our youth a disservice if we believe that we can protect them from the world by limiting their access to public life. They must enter that arena, make mistakes, and learn from them. Our role as adults is not to be their policemen, but to be their guide.”

Another advantage is the students’ use Facebook to interact with group of “friends”. However, according to Currie, et. al. (2009), young adults unwelcome parents as Facebook friend because of awkwardness, social norms and anxieties about mothers. This issue underlies what becomes the public and private world.

On the other hand, a study on “The Benefits of Facebook “Friends”: Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Networking Sites”, shows that Facebook is by far an effective way for “social capital accumulation”. The use of this social network enforces connections and relations made by the people. Facebook is a way of keeping these connections in touch whenever one moves from “offline community to another”. Facebook can also be a great help for big opportunities that will lead us to a good future. It is in Facebook that we may find other connections, jobs and great ideas that benefit people (Ellison, et. al, 2007).

As what Ellison concluded, Matthew and Boogart (2006) also clarify that:

“Most students use Facebook as a tool for staying connected to friends from high school, but there is a small population who are using it as a tool to make social connections they could not find in person.”

The results of Matthew and Boogart’s study are helpful to University administrators in using technologies such as Facebook to improve the overall campus experience.

Yet another possible downside is asserted in a study on “Facebook “friends”: How Online Identities Impact Offline Relationships” showing that Facebook and other social networking sites maintain weak ties, which is in contrast with strong ties that are significant equipped with time and effort. Plus, Facebook encourages these weak ties just by simply viewing the little information available in the friend’s profile (Vitak, 2008). Vitak also points out that the use of Facebook is one of the most popular methods people currently employ to link themselves together and that, “today’s abundance of communication option means that one can maintain friendship with more ease than ever before”.

A study in the University of Georgia suggests that narcissistic users can be identified in Facebook through self- promoting (Buffardi, L., Campbell W. “Study: Facebook profiles can be used to detect narcissism”, 2008). The findings show that the number of Facebook friends and wall posts on their profile pages relates with narcissism. This online activity coincides with how narcissistic the real world is. Users choose attractive, self-promoting profile pictures as others take snapshots. "Nearly all of our students use Facebook, and it seems to be a normal part of people's social interactions," Campbell said. "It just turns out that narcissists are using Facebook the same way they use their other relationships – for self promotion with an emphasis on quantity of over quality."

According to previous studies, the uses of social networking sites such as Facebook and Myspace have caused decreasing relationship quality and intimacy among its users. A survey was conducted among 183 college students to find out whether Facebook and Myspace is really a substitute for face-to-face interaction or merely a social media which acts as an extension of communication. “The study confirmed that Facebook and Myspace do act as an extension of face-to-face interaction, but that some users do tend to rely on Facebook and Myspace for interpersonal communication more than face-to-face interaction.” (Kujath, 2010)

Modern research shows that young people are encouraged to join these sites to strengthen relationships with people both from the past and present, and also to meet new friends. Sites like Facebook allows them to share news and communicate with one another, both in public and in private means (Kee, et. al, 2008). Lessons from Facebook: The Effect of Social Network Sites on College Students' Social Capital.

In addition, these young people also called as “Homo Zappiens” have the ability to multitask. According to Kirschner and Karpinski (2010), there is much empirical documentation concerning the negative effects of attempting to simultaneously process different streams of information showing that such behavior leads to both increased study time to achieve learning parity and an increase mistakes while processing information than those who are sequentially or serially processing that same information”. This shows how the use of Facebook affects studies by Grade Point Average and time in studying per week. Findings show that users get low GPAs and only short span of time left for studying.

The use of Facebook can be a distraction from their studies and at the same time, it can be a useful social network that helps them communicate with fellow students. Facebook becomes a problem when student drama comes in. College students can easily grasp gossips about “who’s dating who”, although this stays in a certain circle. Students with the love of expressing emotions through Facebook status may destroy healthy relationships. This “public drama” violates “friendship or civility”. According to Naomi Rockler – Gladen, “Facebook has greatly changed how students interact on college campuses in a very short period of time, and until something else comes along, it appears to be here to stay.

Our study digs on the social networking site specifically Facebook, and its effects on the users which are mainly the college students. The different wonders found in the worldwide web have lured the youth to engage in various online interactive communities. We found varied results from different studies but it all depends on the student’s capability to manage his/her duties. Thus, it all boils down to the user’s decision of balancing his/her online-to-offline activities which may be depicted in his/her academic performance.