alcuizar and gamboa chap 3 (comments in parentheses in between sentences)

STUDY FRAMEWORK
Theoretical Framework
Sigmund Freud’s Personality Theory
Sigmund Freud (as cited in Rychlack, 1981) stated that the concept of personality is a “dualism”, which means that mans decisions and actions are affected by two interrelating spheres, the “psyche” (mind) and the “soma” (body). This dualism also implies that what is perceived by the different senses to the body is processed by the mind and what the mind’s reaction to such stimuli is acted upon by the body.
In connection to the mind or “soma”, Sigmund Freud (as cited in Rychlack, 1981) affirmed that the mental structural construct of the mind is divided into three sections: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The conscious section is the link between reality and the mind. It is also the receiver of the sensory input of the human body. Furthermore, it is the part of the mind where memory images are made and memories are kept. The unconscious section, on the other hand, is the keeper of human ideas, thoughts, and images. It is the part of the mind where human actions are formulated. Preconscious, the last section of the mental structure of the mind, bridges the preceding two sections: the conscious and the unconscious. It is in the preconscious part of the mind where the screening of the act or the response happens.
Freud (as cited in Rychlak, 1981) further developed his mental construct to a more specific one, which he also divided into three parts: id, ego, and superego. According to Freud (as cited in Rychlak, 1981), id, which resides in the unconscious part of the mind, refers to the “animalistic” side of man’s nature. He added that id follows the pleasure principle wherein it pursues the egoistic desire for "pleasure" and "satisfaction" that may be unreasonable or even barbaric. On the other hand, ego, which come (subject verb ) in contact to all three levels (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious) but is largely situated in the conscious, originated from id but differs in the means of achieving what it wants (Freud, as cited in Rychlak, 1981). It stands for good reason and good sense. Last but not the least is the superego. The superego, which also originated from id, characterizes our conscience. It distinguishes what is good and what is bad depending on what society has taught. Though superego originated from the pleasure seeking side of man’s nature, it strives to suppress the urges of id and tells ego to do what is normally right (Freud, as cited in Rychlak, 1981).
Abraham H. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation
A. H. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation states that the feeling of discontentment and wholeness of a person is determined by the satisfaction of his/her basic needs by which the needs stimulate various behavior or response in order to achieve contentment or fulfillment.
Abraham H. Maslow (as cited in Green, 2000) proposed that human behavior is motivated by factors that constitute the “integrated wholeness” of a person. These factors, also called as the human needs, are hierarchically arranged according to importance. Divided into five parts, these basic needs are visualized like a pyramid divided into five sections in which the lowest part should be satisfied first before the rest.
The starting point of the hierarchy of basic needs is the physiological needs. This need refers to the bodily needs of a person when it comes to food and water. The second part belongs to the safety needs, or the need to be free from danger and threats. This is followed by the need to fit into a group and be accepted, better known as the love and belongingness need. In the fourth part of the hierarchy is the self-esteem need of a person. This need can be divided into two: the desire for strength, competence, and confidence, and the aspiration for respect and recognition by other people. The last need, which lies in the topmost of the hierarchy, is the need for fulfillment. A person may find himself/herself incomplete and unsatisfied if that person doesn’t do the role he/she thinks is fitted for him/her, or if he/she is unable to do what he dreams to do.
The next page contains Figure 1 which shows the relationship of the two theories that play an enormous role in determining the true nature of man: Freud’s Theory of Personality and Maslow’s Theory of Motivation. Using Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Personality, the researchers aim to know the nature of man through his/her ways of achieving the basic needs, which is based on A.H. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation.




Figure 1

Conceptual Framework
This framework shows the relationship between The Theory of Personality by Sigmund Freud and The Theory of Motivation by A.H. Maslow and how these two relates to the researcher’s variables.
The framework begins with Freud’s theory --- man’s mind can be classified into id, ego, and superego. Whichever of the three dominates man’s mind, it determines his/her means and ways in achieving the physiological needs which refer to the bodily needs of a person (e.g. food, water, sleep, etc.). If man had already satiated his/her first need, he/she then craves to achieve the second need --- the need to feel safe and secure. After that, he/she then yearns to belong and be accepted, which is actually the third basic need. If man had already acquired the third need, he/she then reaches to get the fourth need --- the need to feel respected and appreciated. If he/she was able to achieve all the prior four needs, then he/she is ready to achieve what’s in the top of the hierarchy --- the necessity to have purpose in life.
If given the instance where the person’s id is dominant in his/her nature, the means of achieving his/her satisfaction of needs differ compared to the ego-dominant person and the superego-dominant person. Because the id is a pleasure-seeking side of man, it does not take in consideration the effects it does to others or to the environment as long as he/she fulfills the need. Therefore, what is dominant in the nature of man defines decisions and actions to certain situations (basic needs).
Fig. 2 shows the three aspects of the nature of man which are the id, ego and superego. It also shows the different factors affecting the decisions and actions of man: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, self- esteem needs and self-fulfillment needs.




Figure 2

Operational Framework
This framework shows that each of the character in the novel have diverse dominant aspect in their nature (id, ego and superego). This dominant nature of the characters determines their reactions to certain situations. These situations are stimulated by the need to satisfy the basic necessities, specifically the needs of the characters isolated in the island on the novel of William Golding.
The knowledge about the hierarchy of needs by A. H. Maslow can be redefined explicitly to the situations in the novel. The bodily needs of the characters in the novel refer to the scarcity of food, cleanliness of water, and deficiency of rest. The safety/security need on the other hand, is portrayed in the novel as the lack of shelter and scarcity of clothes. Focusing on the social needs, each character in the novel has the need to belong to a group in order to increase the probability of survival in the island. The desire of recognition and respect is also an essential need of the characters. Finally, the need for self-actualization of the characters is the last necessity to achieve the feeling of wholeness and contentment.
Fig. 3 specifies the connection of the nature of the characters in novel Lord of the Flies and the basic factors in the island to the decisions and actions of each character. These actions and decisions then determine the nature of each character.
Hence, the nature of each character and the hierarchy of basic needs affect their decisions that led to those actions that happened in the novel, Lord of the Flies.



Figure 3