razonable salas (comments in parentheses in between sentences)

CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
The goal of this study is to identify the role of Social Networking Sites to relationships of UP Cebu College students, but to have a better understanding and a clearer result we need to define (you only define terms/concept; change verb) (1) What are the elements of love needed to make it last? (2) What are social networking sites; (3) Why teenagers are fond using Social Networking Sites? and (4) Identify the role of social networking sites in romantic relationships between teenagers. (check punctuation, only no, 3 has it)
What are the elements of love needed to make it last?
Smith (1998) said that when people experience the feeling of “being in love”, they describe it as an “indescribable” experience, but this plainly contains a strong “emotional state” characterized by somewhat unclear disharmony of deep feelings. He explained further that “Ecstasy” may be a replacement “with pain, certainty with anxiety, and tender concern with strong sexual passion”, as what we have noticed in our society there (fused sentence/run on) is an outbreak of the concept of love in literature and music that shows the “importance of love in human society”.
But love doesn’t exist with a snap of one’s fingers or with a wink of one’s eyes. It takes time and undergoes a certain process which is the getting to know each other stage, a very essential part in building a strong relationship for it determines if there is attraction between individuals or the feelings just repel.
Morris (1985) stated that the most essential element in defining “attraction” is proximity. Proximity means that the closer the two people are the more that (omit that) they will be attracted and like each other. A study is conducted on this concept showed that in a certain group of students living in the same building, (which building, where?) 44% of the residents chose their immediate neighbours as their best friends while one in every ten persons said that his best friend is several doors away from his room and a very small percentage said that their best friends live in a different floor (Back, Festinger & Shacter, 1950). A similar study on Proximity was also conducted by Lawton and Nahemow (as cited by Morris) stated that 93% of the people living in a “housing” program in the city (which city?) decided to have their closest friend in the same building. The studies presented above only shows that attraction is acquired if there is closeness between individuals and this closeness can only be attain if there is physical interaction in the real world.
Next to proximity is reciprocity and similarity. Morris (1985) explained further that for love to flourish it needs reciprocity and or similarity because if we love someone we only expect no less than being loved in return and there is a stronger bond between people if they enjoy and hate the same things. (shift in person from we, first person to people 1st person.be consistent) Furthermore, according to Clark (as cited in Morris, 1988) reciprocity is being obliged to return interest to people who expressed interest to them. Similarity on the other hand, is having (what is your subject?) specific traits or likes between individuals such as the same favourite sport, favourite movie, or the same political views.
Love is equal to the sum of passion, intimacy and commitment. Robert Sternberg (as cited in Smith, 1998) gathered data on the variety of emotions felt by individuals in a certain relationship, be it friendship or romantic affairs. After which he then arrive (subject verb agreement) at the construction of “The Triangular Model of Love” that includes three things which are necessary in explaining these emotions. One aspect in the “Triangular Model of Love” is Passion. Passion describes strong feelings of “need to be with the partner. Passion is the hot side of love, and strong sexual desire is among the intense feelings.” (The) Second aspect of the “Triangular Model of Love” is Intimacy. Intimacy (choppy, join two sentences) is described as “the warmth side of love, mutual understanding and closeness” is also under Intimacy. Next to Intimacy is Decision/Commitment that implicates a sensible decision in improving bonds and maintaining strong relationships between lovers.
What are Social Networking Sites?
According to Hays (2011), though we are in an era of modern technology with continuous and fast discovery of significant innovations which made our lives more convenient, we should not forget that machines are created to be controlled by humans and not the other way around. But in today’s situation, in the rise of modern technology, people are becoming slaves of their own creation especially social networking sites. Social networking sites is (are) standing in the middle of relationships giving intimacy, connection and commitment different meanings from what is described above. (confusing, rephrase).
Golder, Huberman and Wilkinson (2006) said that a social network is made up of persons that surround an individual with whom he interacts every day. It is a demonstration of how humans behave and are “connected” on a larger scale. According to Golder and company (2006) “social network website” is a term used to describe the features of the web where users are allowed to put their personal information such as their current address, the college where they are currently enrolled at, their latest photos, current height and weight, current relationship status, list of current friends and their hobbies and interests. Users share these personal details to others when they add someone as a friend and this is very dangerous because others will just add friends without knowing the person. By accepting friend requests or by adding someone as a friend starts the link between people and this is what constitutes the “network” in social networking sites that allow its users to stay connected with their college friends or high school batch mates or anyone they want to stay connected with.
Basically, a social networking site is a text-based communication. Sprecher and Wickes (2009) pointed out that text-based communication compared to “face-to-face communications” and “voice communications” has advantages and disadvantages. Text-based allows an individual to collect his thoughts and edit it from grammatical errors. It also gives you (shift in point of view) a flexible time as to when will you reply his/her message. Another positive trait is it allows busy people to communicate even if their schedules don’t fit. It also let you (shift in point of view) send a particular message to a group of people without repeating its content to each person. Furthermore, “text-based communication” allows both parties to save money from their “transportation” expenses during meet ups. Along with these advantages are its disadvantages, one (faulty, comma splice) thing is the lack of presence in the conversation. Thus, unable one to perceive the mood of the other, his facial expressions and reactions are not conveyed in his text messages. Compared to “voice and face-to-face” conversations textual is time consuming because typing takes time. Furthermore, “text-based” messages when (run on) a user is allowed not to put his/her name in his/her posts or messages develops insensitivity in writing bad comments to an individual and this occur in any form of “text-based communications”.
Sprecher and Wickes (2009) said that different forms of text-based communication differ from one another. They explained further that instant messaging and mobile texting are more collaborative, casual and its “asynchronous” compared to e-mail. In addition to that, text messaging in mobile phones is more limited compared to messaging in the internet because of its “bandwidth limitations” and the limit of the number of characters allowed in a text message. On the other hand, Messaging in social networking sites also is categorized into two; one is the common one-on-one messaging and the “comment board”. Sprecher and Wickes (2009) stated that the comment board is more crucial to get abused by insensitive users because it is displayed and can be viewed by other people, though only confirmed users are allowed to post their messages. E-mails being a traditional way of sending messages are used by all ages, but the other types of “text-based messaging” are dominated by the “teenagers and young adults” (Sprecher and Wickes, 2009).
Why do teenagers use social networking sites?
After explaining the nature of social networking sites, we now wonder, why do teenagers use social networking sites?
According to Lenhart (2003), Mature (small cap) individuals compared to teenagers prefer to work one application at a time because teenagers are hyperactive and energetic and most of them like a fast pace in life (faulty) and they perceive themselves as “productive” if they can do several tasks at the same time. He explained further that teenagers found this satisfaction in the internet because it allows them to do “multi-tasking”. For teenagers “Multi-tasking” means that they can play games, upload photos, listen to audios or music, download videos or music, and do their assignments while chatting with friends, everything in one setting.
A very popular social networking site that offers multi-tasking to teens is Facebook. Facebook being considered as the most popular networking site today caused in the change of attitude and behaviour of some teens that’s why it has become the focus of some studies and researches like the study conducted by Asilo and company (2011). Asilo, Manlapig and Rementilla (2011) said that Facebook with its packaged features such as “e-mail, forums, instant messaging” and photo sharing changed how teenagers socialize with each other. They explained further that this change made a turn around on how romantic relationships are being established among teens. Asilo and company (2011) said that constant communication in virtual worlds now defines how close two individuals are and creates certain standard on how a boyfriend and a girlfriend should behave in Facebook to justify that they are truly lovers. For example, in order for their relationship to be official they have to change their relationship status in Facebook or else this will be an argument between them because one party might doubt the seriousness of his/her partner or people around them might think that they are just joking. This is just an example of how Social networking sites change the perspective of the young society towards interactive relationships.
Asilo, Manlapig and Rementilla (2010) explained further that teenagers like to use social networking sites because of its features that allow them to share their photos and updated profiles with their friends. In addition (comma) social networking sites also allow them to keep track of each other and at the same time enjoy its additional features like Farmville and Allies and Empires in Facebook, one of the most popular social networking sites (omit one of the most, since you have long mentioned facebook already). But along with these positive effects is the danger that it will bring to every user, which is the danger of meeting someone one doesn’t know personally and accepts his/her friend request just because one doesn’t want to be called a snob and also wants to increase one’s number of friends not knowing that by just clicking that confirm button one is exposing one’s life to a stranger capable of doing anything evil to him. (straggling, tighten)
Addiction to social networking sites is a (omit a) widespread not just in the Philippines but also in other countries. Lenhart (2003) said that though cell phones are still the most known way of communication, 20% of teenagers in the United States prefer to use online instant messaging to communicate with friends and family. Some of them stated that they are fond of using online instant messaging compared to e-mails because it allows multi-tasking, which is talking to multiple people at the same time, plus it has speed similar to face to face conversations unlike e-mails that sometimes it will take days before you receive the reply of your messages.
What is the role played by social networking sites in a romantic relationship?
Addiction to social networking sites also affects romantic relationships among teenagers because according to Sprecher and Wickes (2009), there is an increasing fraction of “relationships and friendships” that start online. Chat rooms social networking sites, gaming sites or a multi-user sites are the usual venues in which relationships begin. A “recent study” by Harris Interactive (as cited in Sprecher and Wickes, 2009) shows (tense consistency. Past or present?) that 50% of the users are in Social Networking Sites such as Facebook and Twitter, their purpose (comma splice) of joining is to meet new friends. Sprecher and Wickes (2009) said that there are reports stating that some of them developed romantic relationships with people they meet online. Furthermore, this study done by Harris Interactive (as cited in Sprecher and Wickes, 2009) found out that 3% of the research’s respondents met their life partners in a dating website and other 3% found each other in chat rooms. In general, some people use dating sites as the beginning in developing romantic relationships (Sprecher and Wickes, 2009). Sprecher and Wickes (2009) said that messages containing the description of people’s ideal partners are sent to the dating sites so that other users can see and check it too, then if someone matches the criteria that signal (run on, rephrase) the start of their love story. Furthermore, text messages can also be an avenue of starting a relationship because after a party or any social gatherings where you meet new people and possible get his/her phone number. But, mostly during today’s time, “email-addresses and usernames” are exchanged instead of numbers.
But why did people choose to (omit to) text-based communication rather than face to face conversation? Sprecher and Wickes (2009) explained that “text-based communication” develops “initial attraction” faster than the traditional face-to-face setting because people find it more comfortable to share their selves through “text-based communication” rather than personal conversation. The “experimental studies” of Mckenna (as cited in Sprecher and Wickes, 2009) showed that teenagers who meet each other thru the internet like each other than teenagers who meet for the first time personally. Sprecher and Wickes (2009) added that in personal meetings, individuals are most likely conscious of the physical appearance of the person they are meeting with, but in virtual meetings, the ability to write is more focused and the concern on how your online friend looks is diverted to getting to know more information about him/her. Thus, writing skills should be practiced so that one will have a good impression towards others.
Teenagers are more inclined in using social networking sites because they are taught in school on how to use and operate computers. Also, according to Lenhart (2003), Messaging (small cap) and communication are the fields where most teenagers are focused in using the internet. They “maintain relationships” by constantly sending e-mails and instant messages to loved ones and to friends living at a far. Generally, teenagers use the internet on developing offline relationships or to some acquaintances. Teenagers also use the internet in maintaining their romantic relationships because as what Gusrang(2008) said, lovers don’t limit their selves spending time together going out with friends in malls, parks, restaurants or in their houses but (houses, but) they also interact online via social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. He explained further that online interactions give new spice to romantic relationships because these sites allow one to ask more personal questions or anything that he/she finds hard to tell face-to-face. In addition, in using “Social Networking Sites” (fragment.what is your subject?) allows the friends of the seeking individual to help him/her find the person that matches his/her criteria of potential lover by simply looking at their profiles that usually contain their photos and personal information.
Before the internet gained its momentum in being part of almost every humans daily life, it undergone (had undergone or it had received) various criticism regarding its effect in human behaviour which is evident when Sprecher and Wickes (2009) stated that when the internet gained popularity and when people started using it, it has created anxiety to the society as it can influence “relationships between friends, relatives and neighbors”. The anxiety is about the time management of a person using the internet, because he (gender-bias) has the tendency to sacrifice bonding time with offline friends just to be able to communicate to distant friends.
But according to Pew Internet and American Life Project (as cited in Sprecher and Wickes, 2009), the use of internet brought good rather than bad effects in “maintaining relationships”. Furthermore, internet is also used to develop relationships even with close friends and relatives by email and thru social networking sites. “Media multi-plexity or mixed-mode relationships”, the increase of “close” offline “relationships” due to the use of emails and other text-based means of communication is said to be one positive trait of using the internet (Sprecher and Wickes, 2009). Sprecher and Wickes (2009) added that eventually, online relationship will advance to meet ups or will stay online if not ended.
Social networking sites don’t necessarily destroy relationships for it is up to the individuals on how to handle or manage using it, a conclusion that can be drawn when Eastwick and Eli (2009) said that the rise of internet era affected the expansion of speed-dating because lots of people meet new friends via online or thru social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Though speed-dating also combine with modern technology, it did not remove the face to face “interaction” among participants. The dating companies like Cupid.com and HurryDate.com allow registration of participants to events but does (do) not replace live conversations with the virtual interaction.
On the other side of the picture, social networking sites also have negative traits that if not avoided, will most likely destroy relationship between lovers because of jealousy and insecurity. And according to Sprecher and Wickes (2009), “text-based communication” doesn’t only play a role in initiating and maintaining relationships but also in their endings or break-ups. According to Pew Internet and American Life Project (as cited in Sprecher and Wickes, 2009), 9 of every 100 “single adults” ended their relationships thru texts or via private messages in Facebook or Twitter. Sprecher and Wickes (2009) said teenagers are more inclined in ending relationships via online or via online messaging though this is becoming common people think that it is an insensitive way of ending relationships. They explained further that relationships established online are more prone to get destroyed online because it’s just a matter of typing and clicking the keys in the keyboard.
Along with the downfall of using the virtual world in maintaining romantic relationships, it (what is the subject? rephrase) also creates a gap within individuals most especially to those who are in a relationship and yet one is not knowledgeable in using the computer. Thomas (2007) cited McMillan, saying that Social Networking Sites have “negative impacts” on to those who are not computer literate or those people whom are afraid to use the computer for fun. He explained further that these people are now isolated from others because they develop tremendously introverted personalities, because people around them are talking about their Facebook and Twitter accounts and yet they might not have even an email address, so there’s no way for them to relate on other’s people (faulty) conversation. McMillan (as cited in Thomas, 2007), further explained that teenagers are easily hooked and addicted into these sites that will eventually affect not just their offline but also their online relationships. Most of the users bring their “experiences” from the virtual to the real world and this is seen on how the youths (no word youth) communicate or interact with their friends, parents, mentors and even with their lovers.
SYNTHESIS
The related studies and articles presented above showed that social networking sites have positive and negative effects on romantic relationships between individuals. Behaviour and the attitude among teenagers towards others are affected by their frequency of using networking sites such as Facebook or Twitter. Furthermore, it (what is it?) showed that social networking sites are used in maintaining offline relationships and long lost communication between old friends or acquaintances, but it has been abused by some users and used it beyond what it is intended for. Thus it has become one of the causes why teenager romantic relationships end in just a short period of time. Up to this date, individuals are still in continuous debate as to what really is the role of social networking sites in romantic relationships between teenagers.(having justified those, insert the relevance of your own study)