alombro chap 2

Chap 2
1. No intro about the organization of the chapter

2. “Pollution is an issue vital to the future of mankind.”(Whitington:1970) (APA citation)

3. ountering pollution is very important. Conserving and preserving on what’s left must be a universal act. The barangay is no stranger to the growing issue of the globe. Sanitation is vital to the continuing existence of our kind. As what the book of Micah in the Old Testaments would say, “Arise ye, and depart; for this is not your rest: because it is polluted, it shall destroy you, even with a sore destruction.” (each sentence tells a different idea; no connection; no unity)

4. As what McEldowey, Hardman, Waite would say in their book on the Pollution: Ecology and Biotreatment, historically, pollution with the resultant human moralities and disruption to the environment was largely confined to centers of resource extraction and product manufacturer. The world’s ever-growing population and its progressive adoption of an industrially-based lifestyle have inevitably led to an increased anthropogenic impact on the biosphere.

Many attempts were tried in reducing the pollutants in the environment. According to Rolf A. Deininger in his book on the Models for environmental Pollution Control stated that the entire solid-waste system encompasses everything from the manufacturing process through the generation of wastes and their collection to the ultimate disposal and recycling. (paragraphs no unity)
5. Avoid excessive quotation. Why put everything about RA 9003?

6. No bibliography

7. Your RRL needs major revision. Address the connection of paragraphs from one to another. It also lacks substantial materials. You don’t have biblio so I cannot check your sources.pls see sample related literature in the links of mYou don’t have biblio so I cannot check your sources.pls see sample related literature in the links of my other students.

8. It is more of a presentation of reports.not a review.

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature


Environment and Pollution

“Pollution is an issue vital to the future of mankind.”(Whitington:1970) Countering pollution is very important. Conserving and preserving on what’s left must be a universal act. The barangay is no stranger to the growing issue of the globe. Sanitation is vital to the continuing existence of our kind. As what the book of Micah in the Old Testaments would say, “Arise ye, and depart; for this is not your rest: because it is polluted, it shall destroy you, even with a sore destruction.”

Alarming as this might seem, it is important to stay calm and be collective. Informing others about the growing issue could help in counter fighting it. Information dissemination could bring awareness to the public. Public safety is also at risk here.

“Thus much of the evidence available about the vital question of man’s chances of survival in a polluted environment is circumstantial, hearsay or at least not strongly corroborated.” (Whittington: 1970)
As what McEldowey, Hardman, Waite would say in their book on the Pollution: Ecology and Biotreatment, historically, pollution with the resultant human moralities and disruption to the environment was largely confined to centers of resource extraction and product manufacturer. The world’s ever-growing population and its progressive adoption of an industrially-based lifestyle have inevitably led to an increased anthropogenic impact on the biosphere.

Many attempts were tried in reducing the pollutants in the environment. According to Rolf A. Deininger in his book on the Models for environmental Pollution Control stated that the entire solid-waste system encompasses everything from the manufacturing process through the generation of wastes and their collection to the ultimate disposal and recycling.

Cebu and its attempts in reducing solid-wastes

Like other growing cities, the city of Cebu has problems managing its solid wastes. The major solid waste management problems of the city can be broadly categorised as follows (as cited from the APFED article): (a) Weak institutional and organizational system for Solid Waste Management (SWM). (b) Problems of the upper waste stream (i.e., inefficiency in garbage collection due to lack of garbage vehicles). (c) Problems at the downstream (i.e., the city has sorting facility, which has never been used due to design and operation problems, garbage pickers are free to enter the landfill, the landfill has a total design of the capacity of 938,400 cubic meters (compacted) and a lifetime of 6-7 years, and so much more).


In November 11, 2008, Cebu Daily News reported that because of inadequate landfill site to accommodate all the generated wastes from the city, about 10 barangays in Cebu City are implementing solid waste management to reduce the volume of garbage in the Inayawan sanitary landfill site. Cebu City former councilor, Nestor Archival even enumerated the names of the barangays that have made significant progress when it comes to solid waste management. Archival also encouraged the barangay officials to spearhead the implementation of solid waste management program. This would also lead to the reduction of pollution.

“(The more garbage dumped in the landfill, the more methane gas is produced) in the atmosphere which is a thousand times more hazardous than carbon dioxide,” Archival said.

According to Tumulak et. al., senior college students studying at the University of the Philippines Cebu, in their thesis entitled, “Policy Implemented of R.A. 9003: A Case Study on the Solid Waste Management in Barangay Lahug” , Barangay Lahug is one of the most active barangays in the city. In fact, it is considered to be the prospect to be dubbed as the Makati City of the South. This might be because of the fact that many establishments are found within the premise of the barangay (i.e., JY Square, IT Park, Waterfront and etcetera.)

The barangay has the estimated population of 50,000, a total household population of 40,000 and is composed of 44 sitios. The land boundaries of the Barangay Lahug are: Barangay Kasambag and Barangay Apas in the north; Barangay Camputhaw in the south; Barangay Luz in the east; and Barangay Kalusanan in the west.

R.A. 9003
The solid waste management program enacted by the barangay officials are in line with the Republic Act of 9003 or the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”. Section two of R.A. 9003 the declaration of policies. It is as follows:

“Sec. 2. Declaration of Policies. - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall:
(a) Ensure the protection of the public health and environment;
(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage resource conservation and recovery;
(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles;
(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practice in ecological waste management excluding incineration;
(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery;
(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;
(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other local government units, non- government organizations, and the private sector;
(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of market-based instruments;
(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and local integrated, comprehensive, and ecological waste management programs; and
(j) Strength the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.” (ChanRoblesGroup:2006)

Barangay Lahug made the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000” as its framework of making an ordinance that would greatly benefit the barangay. One of the ordinances of the barangay is the Ordinance 1361. This ordinance would aid in the establishment of the system of garbage collection, imposing fees therefore, and expropriating funds and for other related purposes. This ordinance also promotes awareness to the people of the barangay Lahug with the increasing problem of waste reduction and also sanitation.

Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management is simple defined as the managing of the solid waste thrown away or even produced by humans. Examples of this are the soda cans, water bottles, banana peels, aluminum foils, paper, plastic cellophanes and many more. Everyday, millions of this are being thrown away and also are scattered everywhere (i.e., on the streets, on the beach, inside the classrooms and offices, inside the house, and many more.) It is important to clean out this mess, for this are the reasons why so many people get sick. These things are one of the causes of pollution.
There are many ways on how to “clean the mess”. One great example of this is street sweeping. “Street sweeping is one facet of a solid waste management system in which public education and public relations play critical roles.” (UNEP) A simply as street sweeping an individual can help in cleaning and helping the environment. However, according to UNEP there are three categories of street wastes.

First are the wastes generated by natural causes. These wastes are generated by natural phenomena and are difficult to avoid. They include dusts blown from unpaved areas, and leaves and flowers that fall from trees and plants in the community. Since these things are impossible to avoid certain methods must be used in managing it.

Second are the wastes generated by traffic. Motor vehicles generate a large amount of wastes (i.e., in the form of dirt, mud, oil, rubber, and grease). Last are the wastes generated by the public.

“There are two major sources of wastes generated by the public: 1) litter thrown onto the streets by pedestrians, and 2) residential and commercial wastes swept or discarded from private premises.” (UNEP) Large amount of this are controllable provided that there is cooperation from the garbage collectors and also the citizens.

Another potential solution is to offer a free program or seminar to the people so that they will be informed on what the solid waste management is all about. Another is to segregate. Segregation is also an effective in waste management. Segregation is the process where there is the separation of the non-biodegradable to the biodegradable ones. Non-biodegradable are those things that are not easily decomposed. These things are mostly products produced by humans. Examples of the non-biodegradable are the aluminum cans, bottles, batteries, copper wires, plastic containers and many more. Though they are not naturally decomposable, these things are recyclable. This means, they can be used again. On the other hand, the biodegradable ones are those things that can be naturally decomposed. Mostly comprises of the nature given gifts (i.e., fruits, vegetables, dried leaves and twigs, dead animal, paper, banana cue stick, and many more.)
Disposal
After disposing the waste, people would most likely to think that it is the “end” of the problem and that the thrown away trash would just eventually “vanish”. But that is not the case. After clearing all up the trash, and put them in the proper container, the next thing to worry about is the regularity of the garbage vehicles to get the trash in the particular barangays and also the dumpsite. Questions like these would begin to heat up: Is the garbage collection in my barangay daily? Does the city provide us with the appropriate number of garbage vehicles? Do we have the right kind of dumpsite for our waste?

The city of Lapu-lapu, Cebu is a great example that is concern with the regulatory of their garbage. In fact, the city has thirteen garbage vehicles- six dump trucks of six centimeters capacity and one compactor. “Thirteen cubic meter capacity, five units garbage compactors with nine cubic centimeter capacity and five units garbage compactors with seven cubic meter capacity.” (http:///www. mysmartschools.ph) The collection of garbage in Lapu-lapu city started around eight in the evening and ends around five in the morning. Fifty-six people were assigned in the collection of garbage. There are forty-two drivers and forty-collectors.

Lapu-lapu City is composed of nineteen barangays, each of which has twenty-six mini dump trucks. The barangays (i.e., the barangay councils) are the ones who are responsible in collecting garbages with their residents. Private establishments located at the city have their own garbage collectors, separate from the residents.

After collecting the garbage, it will then proceed to the city’s dumpsite. The Lapu-lapu City dumpsite is located at the boundary of Matan and Bankal, it has the capacity of approximately two hundred sixty thousand five hundred cubic meters. The estimated height of the dumpsite is two point five meters, an average height for dumpsites. There are only two hectares in the area, half of it is closed and the other half is still operational. It only accepts segregated garbage.

The city also required its residents to segregate their garbage into two entities: biodegradable and non-biodegradable. These must be placed on separate containers. Each of the containers must be labeled in order to avoid confusion. The municipal also released a code (ordinance 489-47) which requires the containers or garbage receptacles be tightly sealed to avoid spills. The garbage collection is very strict. If so a citizen doesn’t want to obey the code, his garbage will not be collected. This will serve as a punishment.

There are various procedures on how to collect solid wastes and one of which is when a contractor parks a multi-bucket container on the ground. When this container is already full, it will be lifted up and transported to the dumpsite. There is a process followed by the workers to maximize its use and time. First, the lorry is being stabilized by jacking. Second, the lorry or the container is suspended in preparation for the third step which is lifting it onto the vehicle. When they have arrived at the dumpsite, it is then tipped over for the contents to fall into the pit. This strategy works very well as long as the container they are using has sufficient space. The containers should be regularly picked so as not to let any foul odor spread.

“Left unmanaged and uncontrolled, solid wastes openly dumped on the land: 1) generate liquid and gaseous emissions (leachate and landfill gas) that can pollute the environment and 2) represent a breeding ground for disease-bearing animals and microorganisms. Other risks to the public health and safety and to the environment are also posed by the uncontrolled land disposal for solid wastes."(UNEP)
After the solid waste has been collected, it is appropriate to transport them to a more proper area for disposal. There are many things to consider when selecting a suitable site to dispose the garbage. However, every place varies. For example, people living in larger communities have a big problem in seeking for the right kind of landfill compared to the people living in small communities. People who live in larger communities have more garbage collected than those living in a small community.

There are a lot of things to consider in finding the right kind of land fill for a small settlement. First, the site should preferably be downwind of the settlement, for the prevailing winds in the area. Second, The site should be far from the resident area, but it should also be close enough to reach within ten minutes to a quarter of an hour. It should be accessible by any means of transportation (i.e., land vehicles). Third is that the site should be easily accessible by road all year round and with all kinds of weathers. Fourth, the site should be as far as from any possible river, stream, or wetland in the area, and preferably be sighted on high lands. Fifth, a site should be chosen where the soil is at least two meters deep and preferably not stony. The level of ground water should be deeper than three meters. This is to provide a suitable soil depth to create the landfill and to reduce the chances of groundwater polluting occurring. Next, the soil should preferably be clayey, rather than sandy. Seventh, the site should be sufficiently large to serve the needs of the community for at least ten years. Lastly, when several small communities exist within a few kilometers of each other, consideration should be given in creating a regional site that will serve a group of villages with the advantages of scale, or may be possible to purchase shared equipment and to hire shared waste disposal personnel.

On the larger communities, the more complicated one, more options and more factors are needed to be considered in finding the appropriate land fill that would accommodate all the waste collected within the premises. One of the considerations is the idea of sanitary landfills.

Sanitary landfills are good to proper disposal. Sanitary landfills are the” isolation of the landfill wastes from the environment until the wastes are rendered innocuous through the biological, chemical, and physical processes of nature.” (UNEP) Sanitary land filling is used widely in the developing countries. It also controls the exposure of the environment and the humans to the detrimental effects of solid wastes on lands. Sanitary land fills helps manage the disposal of wastes. It is also safe because there is a reduction in terms of the contact between the waste and the environment.

“The design and construction of landfills requires consideration of means of deposition and containment of the wastes and also the short- and long-term control of the products of waste decomposition- landfill gases and leachates.”(Hardman, McEldowey and Waite: 1993) According to Hardman & et. al., there are three generic types of waste (depending on the range of the waste). The first classification is the mono disposal. This is where one homogenous waste is deposited. Second is the multi-disposal, where a range of different wastes are deposited. Lastly, is the co-disposal. This site accepts general and controlled waste. Aside from the three generic types of landfills, there are also special land fills. There is the inert wastes site which is licensed for non-special wastes which are non-biodegradable and which have no potential to harm the environment. Household waste sites are licensed to take mainly household, commercial and biodegradable industrial wastes, and lastly the hazardous waste sites. These sites are licensed to receive ‘difficult’ and ‘special’ industrial wastes.
“In order to be designated a sanitary landfill, a disposal site must meet the following three general but basic conditions: 1) compaction of the wastes, 2) daily covering of the wastes (with soil or other material) to remove them from the influence of the outside environment, and 3) control and prevention of negative impacts on the public health and on the environment (e.g., odors, contaminated water supplies, etc.,).” (http://www.unep.or.ip.jp)
There may be some impracticality for the developing countries in meeting all the specific aspects. There must be an established short-term goal (i.e., to meet the more important aspects to the extent possible under the existing set of technical and financial circumstances.) The long term goal should be acquiring all the specific aspects.

“In a typical fill, the broad variety of components and particle sizes of the wastes provides conditions that lead to an extensive amount of adsorption, which is the adhesion of molecules to the surface. On the physical phenomena, adsorption is one of the more important because it brings about immobilization of living and non-living substances that could pose a problem if allowed to reach the external environment. It could play an important part in the containment of viruses and pathogens and some chemical compounds. Adsorption does have its limits, one of which is its questionable permanency. For example, it can be altered by the effect of biological and chemical decomposition on adsorption sites.” (UNEP)
To care for the environment is to care for our future. Managing our solid waste is one way of achieving that “green environment”. Maintaining the cleanliness and sanitation is just a simple way in giving love back to our mother earth. It is also important to control our ways in order for our specie to live. Living in a rat-infested, garbage scattered habitat is not suitable for us. Everyone is responsible to do its part in managing solid waste. These given information are helpful in our quest for a much clean society.