jakosalem, sanchez chap 2

Chap 2
1. Cellular phones are now being develop (grammar)
2. Most adults sleeping time ranges (grammar)
3. Enriquez, M., Moral, P. and Reselva, T.(1967), kinship ties among Filipino people are so strong. Because of this, Filipino families stay strong as much as possible. (grammar)
4. Domaul and Madamba added that because of this, some children think that they are neglected but even though children are easily influenced by outside entities, nothing can replace the parents who know their children well (Domaul and Madamba, 1965). (inappropriate use of comma to separate two clauses)
5. Some authors describe(Tense consistency; you used past tense earlier)
6. The makers of cellular phones has stated (agreement)
7. Technology has change (grammar)
8. It is still an issue in school whether to prohibited (to prohibit) students
9. No synthesis of the review and the relation of reviewed sources to your topic was not established.
biblio format needs thorough review.check orquillas/decena's biblio for sample
CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter gives some background of some other studies and information related to the researchers' study. This chapter discusses the importance of cellular phones and how it affected people’s daily activities and duties. The first few paragraphs are about reasons why teenagers are fond of having gadgets specifically the cellular phone. Since cellular phones play an important role on teenagers' lives, this chapter will also provide the effects of cellular phones on the different aspects of teenagers' lifestyle.

According to Harrist (2001), ever since cellular phones have been out in the market in 1980's, the number of its users increases as the technology also advances.

Cellular phone usage can be described as a tool in doing social activities such as talking, sending text messages, playing games, and browsing the internet. Initially, cellular phones were used as instruments in the business industry. But now, these gadgets’ purpose already includes the maintenance of social relationship with acquaintances (Banjo, O., Hu, Y., Shyam, S., 2008).

Cellular phones are now being develop in such a way that it could be of interest to users and shall fit their needs (Friberg, 2003).

Almost all of the teenagers of today’s generation are inclined to modern technology. And one of the things that they almost possess is cellular phone. There are many reasons that could explain why teens are highly exposed to these gadgets.

According to Hans (2006), teenagers are more likely to adopt modern styles to be updated with the modern world. Because of this, they tend to use modern devices in order to be in style. Acquisition of these gadgets makes them feel that they belong to the modern society (Hans, 2006, p.4).

A survey conducted by Synovate in Thailand in 2005 showed that most of the preferred birthday presents of Asian teens are digital devices. Those digital devices include new computers, cellular phones and digital cameras. Twenty-four percent of the surveyed young Asians wanted to receive cellular phones as birthday present. This implies that teens are passionate in owning cell phones (Thai Press Reports, 2005). As a matter of fact, cellular phones are already considered as one of the most-priced possessions and the most cherished and personalized belonging of teenagers (Hans, 2006).

The use of cellular phones poses a lot of positive and negative effects on teens. These effects influence the students’ sleeping habits, study habits, relationship with family and friends, household tasks. It also affects teenagers’ physical, as well as, emotional health.

Most adults sleeping time ranges from seven to eight and one-half hours every night. Those people who work at night sleep during the daytime. Some need just six hours or less. Others require nine hours of sleep or more (World Book Volume 17, 2001).

Text messaging on mobile phones may influence the sleeping habits of adolescents. Late at night, teenagers still wait for incoming messages from their friends, that is why, they take their phones to bed so that they do not miss any messages. As a result, teens’ sleeping is disturbed and they go to sleep late (The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter, 2003).

Gadgets such as mobile phones and computers placed in the bedroom are distracting the sleeping habits of teens. A late night activity of teens before, such as reading a book under the blanket, has been replaced by late-night text messaging. More than two-thousand-five hundred teenagers had also concluded that the rise in fame of text messaging had caused teenagers to lack sleeping hours (Asia Africa Intelligence Wire, 2004).

According to Hamilton (2010), for years, parents were expected to place televisions and computers away from their children’s bedrooms because of the negative effects of televisions and computers on children’s wellbeing. Hamilton added that another kind of electronic device might be included to the list of things that could disrupt children’s sleeping patterns: cellular phones. A study conducted at Sleep Disorder Center at JFK Medical Center in Edison, New Jersey has concluded that almost eighty percent of student’s texting during bedtime are having difficulty in sleeping (Hamilton, 2010).

Based on the World Book Volume 17 (2001), people who lack sleep do not have much energy and easily get upset. Forty-eight hours without sleep, a person finds it hard to concentrate for long hours. This person can only concentrate and perform tasks well for a short period of time because they easily get distracted. They also commit mistakes frequently especially in routine tasks, and they easily lose their attention. If a person does not sleep for more than three days, the worst that could happen is that he could develop hallucinations. They also confuse daydreams with real life (World Book Volume 17, 2001).

One’s personal life could affect one’s social life. Since one is a part of a community, it is either the community influencing the person or the person contributing to society’s changes. Thus, it is better to understand the society which may have an affect on every person’s perspective of the new things and the changes it bring.

According to Capino (1946), man should have a social life so that he could build up his capabilities and authority. He stated that to be social means that we should learn more about our fellow men and that all of us belong in a social world. Every existing group exerts an influence on us. Capino(1946) also added that social life has now become very complex. Necessary adjustments had also become complicated. Man should satisfy the demands of the complex society thus, man should adjust with the society (Capino, 1946, p. 3). Because of this, it is understandable that man easily adopts with the modern technology since men are required to adjust with the growing and modern society (Capino, 1946, p.3).

Capino (1946) had also stated that bad habits weaken man’s physical and moral well-being. Man may develop the wrong habit of not examining some necessary choices in life (Capino, p.14).

The previous statements imply that men tend to seek belongingness. Thus, they tend to accept everything that would keep them up-to-date. But inevitably, those things had already affected their social life, positively and negatively. The community as a whole may have its various effects on every family members.

Enriquez, M., Moral, P. and Reselva, T.(1967), kinship ties among Filipino people are so strong. Because of this, Filipino families stay strong as much as possible. Enriquez, M., Moral, P. and Reselva, T.(1967) also added that parents of the Filipino family are mostly concerned about the wellness and the future of their children. This is considered as the most pleasing characteristic of Filipino families Enriquez, M., Moral, P. and Reselva, T.(1967). That explains why almost all parents think about the future of their children.

According to Domaul and Madamba (1965), in a world where competition is so intense and expenditures are mounting, a lot of parents think that it is important to strive hard in order to earn their family income. Domaul and Madamba added that because of this, some children think that they are neglected but even though children are easily influenced by outside entities, nothing can replace the parents who know their children well (Domaul and Madamba, 1965).

According to Gutierrez (1966), teenager goes through a stage in life where he hesitates between being a child and being an adult. Some authors describe it as the “awkward age” while some describe it as “all ages in one” (Gutierrez, p. 1). And with the feeling of being neglected by their parents, teenagers often transfer their attention to other things; one of those is cellular phone. And this somehow results to the weakening of the family ties (Gutierrez, 1966).

Man's social life does not only include the family, friends are also part of this social life. And in order to maintain cordial relations with their friends, teenagers use devices that could help them in communicating with their friends and in being updated with the happenings of their life.

According to Banjo, O., Hu, Y. and Sham, S.(2008), users of cellular phones reported that they use their phones for social purposes, especially in managing their social relationships. Banjo, O., Hu, Y. and Sham, S. added that some people also argued that cellphone functions as a device that would maintain social connection, especially among teens. The use of cellular phones has also proven to be a good area for research that involves communication (Banjo, O., Hu, Y., Shyam, S., 2008).

Cellphone usage has not just brought positive effects. It also posed some negative effects. According to Banjo, O., Hu, Y., Shyam, S. (2008), a large percentage of research results conclude that cellphone usage creates undesirable outlook as it comprises a disturbance to neighboring others. Banjo, O., Hu, Y., Shyam, S. also added that more than half of the cellphone users and non-cellphone users agreed that cellphones have disturbed other people (Banjo, O., Hu, Y., Shyam, S., 2008).

According to Salazar (2007), Filipinos have been known as “culturally sociable”. Moreover, they always try to communicate with family and friends. Salazar(2007) also stated that in Metro Manila, text messaging has a significant part in the society and doesn’t cost much. Cellular phones are also very suitable to use resulting to individuals being strongly attach to the customs of sending text messages (Fukuda D., Padayhag G., 2007).

From a study conducted by the Pew Internet and American Life Project in 2008, questions about the worth of “connectedness” with regards to the rising number of Internet and cellphones by families became the main issue. The said project's findings tell that families’ “connectedness” is not always a positive thing, at least customarily speaking. The findings of that study focused on how technology most especially cellphones and internet are use at home. According to Colville (2008), with the rise of technology, parents have a new way of connecting to their children but old activities they do together seem to be disappearing. Colville(2008) also added that those families with more communication devices are less likely to eat dinner with other family members. They are more likely to be displeased with family time than those families with less technology. Some families became closer with the help of Internet and cellphones (Colville, 2008).

According to Salazar (2000), teenagers whose parents do not guide them while exposing themselves to technology, are easily influenced by what they get from interactive media.

Some habits and patterns outside home are changing with every invention of new gadgets. These gadgets when brought inside the house may also disrupt the ways of the house and patterns in handling family members.

The things and events that people are exposed to will affect the relationships they have with others. The foundation of this usually start at home (Leson, Mongaya, 2010).

Looking at the previous statements, it is obvious that technology had affected family ties. According to Frissen(2000), mobile communication has changed the management patterns among family members with busy parents (Frissen, 2000). According to Campbell S., and Ling R.(2008), a cellular phone gives the family a chance to relay errands in the household. In addition, parents are able to know their children’s activities through mobile communication. The effect of mobile communication has also its negative side. According to Chesley (2005), due to mobile communication, one’s work life can fall over into the household which led to larger pressure for both men and women.

In addition to the good effects of cellular phone usage, Ling and Yttri (1999, 2002) stated that the use of mobile phone strengthen social ties. It also created new ways of social connection among close friends and family members. According to Paragas(2009), uses of cellular phone increase the feeling of belongingness, connectivity and identity to one’s group of friends (Paragas, 2009). Paragas also added that family members who are away from one another, an example is of the migrant workers, can still keep in touch Habuchi (2005) said that too much use of this technology can lead someone to becoming a “tele-cocooned” in small, limited social groups. That one of this “tele-cocooned” effect can create weak ties and less relation to other people outside one’s group and may develop close-mindedness due to limited exposure to others’ viewpoints on things (Campbell, Ling, 2008)

On a survey conducted by Portus (2007), the informants living away from the cities confirm to some changes brought about by the cellular phone. The main effect was it improved communication to people living far from them. They have found out its advantage of contacting their distant relatives and friends right away at minimal cost. In effect, they in some measure have to give up seeing their relatives and friends personally and as well as to visit other places when going to the city to see their relatives and friends. The informants think that saving time and money with cellular phone is not enough for them to disregard the worth of personal and direct contact with their relatives, family and not be able to see that town or city.

Aside from the social and family relationships of people, too much usage of cellular phone can also bring some effects to the one’s health.

According to Knapton (2008), children and teenagers are more likely to acquire brain cancer if they constantly use cellular phones. Many researchers are alarmed with the rise of cellular phones usage and generating health difficulties. Professor Lennart Hardell of the University Hospital in Orebro, Sweden said in a conference that there is a risk of developing cancer in the cells that support the central nervous system and is more likely to be acquired earlier by people who start using cellular phone before the age of twenty. Hardell also added that children are said to be more vulnerable due to their nervous system which is still developing and their heads are smaller with softer skulls making radiation easily go through into their brains.

In the years 2000 and 2005, a former government chief scientist suggested that the use of cellular phones by children must be “discouraged and minimized”. But even with the warnings, there is about nothing that has been done and with the advances of the modern world, the number of children or teenagers who uses cellular phones also increases.

According to Stross (2010), placing a cellular phone near the ears can be dangerous to the health and even keeping it in the pocket of one’s clothes. The makers of cellular phones has stated these warnings as one purchase their product but these warnings are so small that it doesn’t catch attention resulting to users ignoring it. Devra Davis, an epidemiologist under University of Pittsburgh wrote a book about cellular phone radiation saying that there may be a possibility of brain cancer in age group twenty to twenty-nine. Davis also added that children are more at risk to radiation than adults. Radiation goes through only two inches into adults’ brains but penetrates deeper into the children’s brains because of a thinner skull and their brains contains more “absorptive fluid”.

Derbyshire (2007) also stated that cellular phones can generate changes in the brain that is related with cancer in as fast as ten minutes. Even low-level radiation from ear piece can disrupt the cell division activity in the brain. If the cell division goes wrong, it can lead to the appearance of tumors. Although some researchers were not able to support the issue that even cellular phones signals are dangerous, the results propose that there is a possibility. However, there are also studies that contradict to this. Some studies also found no association between cellular phones and brain tumors or a “dramatic rise in cancer rates”.

According to Frederick (2010), effects of radiation from cellular phone can be related to “dielectric heating”. Radiation from cellular phones boosts head temperature by “a fraction of a degree”. When there is increase in temperature, blood flow will also increase.

Technology has change the daily living of people and are catching up with the most recent technology that change even the use of cellular phones (Oksman, Turtiainen, 2004). Though cellular phone is of great use to children and parents and other people, it also has its share of negative impact on the society specifically on students. Oksman, Turtiainen also added that extreme use of cellular phones can be destructive to the human body particularly the heart which can also affect the school life of the students.

Since teenagers are more likely attached to gadgets, it is also important to know their effects in school.

It is still an issue in school whether to prohibited students from bringing cellular phones or not. According to a Pew Research released last August 19, 2009, “seventy-one percent of of American students ages 12-17” have their own cellular phones (Andersen, 2009). Andersen added that Lincoln public high schools gave up their side on the issue of banning students from bringing cellphones to school since almost everyone in school has their own cellular phone and continue to protest against the banning.

According to Quijano (2000), the young generation of today gets overboard when they are given freedom to choose their own style of entertainment and tend to forget their other duties and responsibilities due to this.

Cellular phones can also disturb people in situations where they have to concentrate such as meetings, conferences and forums but because there is an extreme use of cellular phones, people’s level of concentration lowers down (Frederick, 2010).

According to Chakraborty (2006), cellular phones are accessed by almost thirty-one percent of the world population. He added that cellular phones in school don't just hinder the student from focusing on discussions but also disturb other students. They can also lack concentration due to their classmates’ playing games and sending text messages during class. Cellular phones also distract them when they hear cellular phones ringing.