llesol, marfa

1. Moreover, according to them (who them? This is a new paragraph)
2. A lot of (not acceptable in formal research) adults perceive adolescents’ actions
3. This distance hinders the parents to have direct supervision and do their monitoring routine on their children but, on the other hand, allows the students to do things based on their own will without the parents reacting on every action they make. He further said (who? Your antecedent is ‘this distance’)
4. Landis (1954) also stated that whether admitted or not, human beings aim to be “someone of importance” (p. 23) and value (problematic, check) in the society
5. They always want to belong, to be part of, and to be treated like they are one of the most important persons their family and friends have. He (who? Your subject or antecedent in the previous sentence is ‘they’) pointed out
6. The kinds of treatment they receive from the people around them back then seem to vanish and in (problematic) their new environment.
7. Culture can be considered as an adaptive tool with which a society meets the basic problems of human existence” (p. 4). (who says it? Not mentioned)
8. brought about by a lot of factors (change ‘a lot’)
9. Being a “self-regulator” is brought about by a lot of factors and influences coming from one’s environment, attitudes and own personality. They (who) cited one
10. may affect a persons (check) personal development
11. However, there are undesirable events that may take part on the social relationship especially influences that may affect a persons personal development especially the distortion of philosophical views. He (who?) stated that
12. Moreover, the dilemma in which these young adults subjected their selves into doesn’t alleviate their personal need of human affiliation but in contrast, complicates the situation in which the degree of their irrational impulsiveness condemns them to juvenile delinquency. According to her (who?)
13. Martin Glover (year) stated in his article (about what?)posted online that influence of nightlife
14. Much more, the ability of degrading oneself in the intellectual range depends on how a person allows the impact to himself. Nevertheless, he (who?)said,
15. Common assaults and crime, with association of drugs, always come in tag with it. Numerous possibilities of negative effects are always present and the solution for it needs effort of discipline and legal impositions. She (who?)also said
16. that these common party houses are the place where people with distorted agendas (agendum, agenda)
17. At the end of their research (whose research?)
18. Another study was conducted by another set of students of UP Cebu. It was entitled A Comparative Research of the Studying Efficiency between UP Dorm-Residents and Cebu-Residents. (join)
19. According to their findings (whose findings)
20. The social environment greatly affects a student’s affiliations and endeavored experiences as it patterns its priorities and goals with its trusted peers. She (who?) also stated
21. Amylou Nazareno (1982) also acclaimed that mass media had been the source of information since its birth in the later decade. (how is info from media related to your study? Relate)
22. research and in identifying the kind of approach best be (check) applied in gathering

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In search for information that could help us in our research, we’ve found a number of related studies and sources. Various psychology books pertaining human development and behavior, cognitive abilities, social environment and behaviorism, and social issues were found to be relatively close to our research topic. Information from guiding books like those that provide students with tips on how to be prepared, handle and succeed in college also proved to be very essential. Our sources were not limited to books alone. Research papers, journals and internet articles widened our knowledge about the topics related to our study. Although admittedly, searching for related sources is quite tiring and frustrating, its importance to our research is undeniably influential.
Papalia, Olds & Feldman (1989) defined human development as the “scientific study of the qualitative (i.e. changes in number or amount) and quantitative (i.e. changes in kind) ways people change over time” (p. 33). There are four theories that explain the process humans undergo as they develop. Aside from the process, these theories also try to explicate the rationale behind various phenomena human beings experience as they go through the whole development process. While developing, they come into contact with a lot of things. These experiences bring forth learning which is a “relatively permanent change in behavior” (p. 144). Acting together, learning and maturation generate transformations in humans’ ability to perceive things in his environment. As each individual moves on with the development process, physical, emotional, intellectual as well as social changes become evident. At middle childhood, one’s society widens, new faces meet and interact with him, and new experiences and learning spring out. At this stage, the child starts to experience various issues concerning him and his environment. These issues aid in the personality development of the individual which is also influenced by the people interacting with him e.g. parents and peers (Papalia, Olds & Feldman, 1989).
Moreover, according to them, an individual in the adolescence stage encounters remarkable physical, physiological, intellectual, emotional, social and behavioral changes. He steps out of childhood and is being prepared to enter adulthood. This transition brings a variety of emotions e.g., happiness, sadness, excitement, anger, frustration, etc and perceptions about things and issues found in the environment. The most significant change during this period is the development of the individual’s “primary sex characteristics” i.e. reproductive characteristics (p. 372). Another difference quite notable during the adolescence stage is the relationship of the individual towards the people around him. Gaps between adolescents and parents are likely to occur due to the former’s perceived acts of rebellion. On the other hand, peer relationships become more intimate due to the time they spend with each other which is greater compared to the time spent with the family. Along with this, the attraction between the opposite sexes commences. In relation to the remarkable changes that occur in this stage, more serious problems surface e.g. teenage pregnancy and juvenile delinquency (Papalia, Olds & Feldman, 1989).
According to Magno and Lajom (2009) in their article in the Philippine Journal of Psychology, majority of young adults nowadays shows little congruence to the genetical and physical trait they acquire from their parents. Their obvious eccentric change puts a level of “parental” worry, which is often-unconsciously-encouraged by mass media, which as a matter of fact, the major icon trend for the current century. Although this may be true, they pointed out that other factors such as “peer influence”, individual comprehension and its surroundings, personal supervision and future perception, may also contribute to the eccentricity of such adolescents (Magno & Lajom, 2009).
Alampay, Liwag and De la Cruz (2008) in another article of the same journal stated that adolescents have inquisitive minds to explore new horizons, try out new set of activities, responsibilities and behaviors. They usually get involved with activities that are being practiced by adults, thinking that since they are no longer children, they can now do the things prohibited from them in the past. These activities include engaging in vices, participating in nightly fun and enjoyment and being rebellious at times. A lot of adults perceive adolescents’ actions as a form of rebellion but this is not all true. Adolescence stage is a stage of discovery and development for every individual. Everything one experiences is essential to the unfolding and shaping of his personality and characteristics (Alampay, Liwag & De la Cruz, 2008).
Papalia, Olds & Feldman also said that one of the phenomena adolescent experiences is the transition from high school to college, where the situations are different from each other. A lot of people say high school is the most exciting and full of fun level in an individual’s educational life. This is most probably because “high school is the central organizing experience in most adolescents’ lives” (p. 365). Encounters during this level are composed of both teenagers and adults. According to them, adolescents are endowed with the privilege of having a sneak peek of the possible careers in the future that might be of their interest while enjoying their carefree life bestowed with the capabilities of being young i.e. strength and attitude of engaging in a variety of activities of various levels of intensity and activeness required. Although they have grown more independent than elementary children, most teenagers still live with their families while in high school. Surveys have shown that on this level, parents still influence and affect the student’s academic performance. They pointed out that it is very essential to let parents know and make them understand what keeps their children busy and support them in their endeavors (Papalia, Olds & Feldman, 1989).
College, however, differs from high school in numerous ways. David Acres (1987) stated that most students nowadays take their college courses in universities far from home which is quite observable. This distance hinders the parents to have direct supervision and do their monitoring routine on their children but, on the other hand, allows the students to do things based on their own will without the parents reacting on every action they make. He further said that in college, students are endowed with more ample time to do the things they want to do. A lot of opportunities and activities are presented to free one’s self from school stress, unwind and enjoy. These enable the students to adjust easily with his new environment and interact with more various kinds of people thus enhancing his social life and developing his own personality. According to Acres (1987),
One of the great experiences of going to college is the range of social life and recreation to you. It is unlikely that you’ll ever have been offered as much choice before in your life, or had as much time to do the things you enjoy. There is time to discover new activities such as tiddly-winks or hang-gliding. There is time to meet many different people in social and recreational situations such as clubs and societies. You’ll have the opportunity to let your hair down or become an expert on real ale or dress as you want and develop your own way of life (p. 81).
But this freedom often entails risks most especially in one’s studies. As Landis (1954) pointed out, there’s a tendency that the student would be deceived to postpone academic requirements and activities thinking that there would be enough time to finish all of them before deadline. Some, overwhelmed with the liberty they possess, “ends up the first semester on probation” (p. 68); others got dropped. Students must understand that being away from home plays an essential part in one’s maturation in which he would bare the whole responsibility of “living and supporting” his own self (p. 69) To solve this problem, Hettich (1998) advised that one needs to manage his time wisely so as to avoid wastage of time, money and effort, and help in achieving “short- and long-term goals” (p. 67).
Landis (1954) also stated that whether admitted or not, human beings aim to be “someone of importance” (p. 23) and value in the society they live in or at least with the fellows they live with. They hate the feeling of being neglected and isolated from other people. They always want to belong, to be part of, and to be treated like they are one of the most important persons their family and friends have. He pointed out that in college, a sudden change in the course of things in their life happens. The kinds of treatment they receive from the people around them back then seem to vanish and in their new environment. They have to start all over again with all the inferiorities troubling them along the way (Landis, 1954).
College is the nurturing ground for adolescents to finally reach adulthood. Later on, they won’t be adolescents anymore but young adults. Young adults become more conscious about health and fitness. Though they are the “healthiest people in the population” (p. 413), they still have the tendency to engage in activities that may affect health negatively like smoking, drinking and stress. To maintain a healthy body, they get involve with activities for the purpose of doing so e.g. exercise and diet (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, as cited by Papalia, et.al., 1989).
Papalia, Olds & Feldman (1989) furthermore stated that “college offers the opportunity to question assumptions held over from childhood, which might otherwise interfere with the establishment of identity” (p. 434). According to them, young adults exercise independence in almost everything they do everyday. They have the sole prerogative to make decisions for themselves and suffer the consequences in case they choose the wrong one. Through this, adolescents learn to think, act and decide maturely and they learn on their own. Papalia, Olds & Feldman also considered other people such as parents, old and new teachers and comrades as contributors in the learning process but it is vested upon the individual himself whether or not to take in ideas coming from his immediate environment. They pointed out that college students are about to face the real world with all its eccentricities and obscurities. Along with this, students discover a lot more about themselves and of the world they live in. Apart from elementary and high school, college curriculum is focused on the career one has chosen. It is more of stressing the specializations of that career and offers clearer and more detailed options of the specific stream an individual wants to follow (Papalia, Olds & Feldman, 1989).
According to Dynes, et.al (1964), there is something that greatly influences an individual’s behavior. The society’s traditional ways, means and styles of living varies from the others depending upon its geographical, physical, psychological and social orientation. “The patterns of behavior that develop around a society’s basic needs contribute a much larger pattern called culture. Culture can be considered as an adaptive tool with which a society meets the basic problems of human existence” (p. 4). One good thing with this “tool” or this “culture” is that it can be taught and handed over to the “succeeding generations” so that these “generations” would be able to know how to handle various situations in their notions about what individuals should do when they find themselves in certain situations. “Norms” prescribe the members of the society with the proper and rightful ways on how to deal with various events in one’s life. They belong to a certain group and are “learned through group experience, differ in importance, and are based on values”. “Rewards and punishments” await those who obey and disobey the set norms of the society (Dynes, et.al, 1964, p. 4-5).
However, the gradual transition on which the society is inevitably stringed with changes in this tool wherein events and decisions are predetermined in accord to the society’s norm is deviating from what is expected. The orthodox that the conservative generation perceived has now been gradually changing making a new pattern of culture (Dynes, et.al, 1964).
With the adaptation of such environment that we need to be flexible with, the environment itself is changing requiring conscious awareness that affects the timeline of change and the degree of its change to a person. According to Rene Dubos (1961), developments in the society became possible through scientific and technological breakthroughs due to the slow rate of change taking place in human’s way of life and physical environment in the past. But at present, changes start to happen so swiftly that adapting and adjusting is quite hard to fully achieve (Dubos, 1961).
However, Magno and Lajom (2008) pronounced that the educational outlook of adolescents differ as to the type of environment they have. Their social association affects their perspectives and outlooks to the different aspects of matter. College adolescents are mostly influenced by the different aggressive socializations depending to the type of environment they have. This occurrence likely affects decisions as they’re still on the transition process. Associating oneself with variety of people on a broader scale of environment originating from various places could overwhelm an adolescent; this could lead him to question self identity and the perception of belongingness on a particular group.
One component of connecting one’s self into the fabric of surrounding people, places, and things is a sense of belongingness. Maslow (as cited by Cherry, n.d) identified belonging as one of the basic human needs, ranking it third in his hierarchy along with love and affection. According to him, “relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community and religious groups” (par. 8). Anant (as cited by Hagerty, et.al, 1992) posited that belonging is the missing conceptual link in understanding mental health and mental illness from a relationship/interactional perspective. Belongingness, as defined by Hagerty, et.al (1992) is a “sense of personal involvement in a social system so that persons feel themselves to be an indispensable and integral part of the system or environment” (p. 1).
Purdie, Douglas and Hattie (1996) identified “self-regulators of learning” as those that have the characteristics and attitudes needed towards achieving their desired goals. Being a “self-regulator” is brought about by a lot of factors and influences coming from one’s environment, attitudes and own personality. They cited one of the personal factors that affects learning process which is “student’s conceptions of learning itself” (p. 87). But this conception of learning relies upon how the environment has influenced, shaped and nurtured such learning concept (Purdie, Douglas and Hattie, 1996).
Kenneth Clark (1961) posited that emotional convergence among a peer or a group constitutes the sense of security and oneness with each other. However, there are undesirable events that may take part on the social relationship especially influences that may affect a persons personal development especially the distortion of philosophical views. He stated that learning to adapt with one’s social environment gives way to socialization. The process an individual undergoes in learning includes a thorough reflection of his behavior and how his environment could affect and be affected by it (Clark, 1961).
Josselyn (1961) implied that an adolescent feels less insecurity when he is with his age range and that the same people are in the same personal predicament as he has. Moreover, the dilemma in which these young adults subjected their selves into doesn’t alleviate their personal need of human affiliation but in contrast, complicates the situation in which the degree of their irrational impulsiveness condemns them to juvenile delinquency. According to her, when the adolescent engaged himself to social relationship, he is most likely prone to the luring deceptions of the social reality. Frequent of these performances are the late fun night and other after sunset party especially adolescents attending their college in the cities far from home (Josselyn, 1961).
Martin Glover stated in his article posted online that influence of nightlife comes in several ways. In contrast to some views, participation to social exploration, i.e. nightlife, alleviate students in the stressful cage of the academe. Much more, the ability of degrading oneself in the intellectual range depends on how a person allows the impact to himself. Nevertheless, he said, it is always the decision and the choice that affects everything. More or less, there is nothing wrong and eventually even helpful to indulge sometimes to nightlife; it’s the rational choice of decisions that differentiates the impact. The different contours of effects intensely affect a person depending on how he reacts on the given situation. Making the right decisions and formulating rationale thoughts with the presence of the temptation and other social pleasure that seduces his phase is a vital stage especially that his judgments may deviate his peers’ point of view (Glover, n.d).
Unwanted events i.e. crimes highly occur to college students at any university. There is no guaranteed security even in such place. Worst scenarios would usually happen during late night hangouts (Fayehelen, n.d). In another article found in the internet, Schnitzer, Susanne, et.al (2009) stated that the heavy risk on getting oneself in danger in participating to nightlife is high in percentage. Common assaults and crime, with association of drugs, always come in tag with it. Numerous possibilities of negative effects are always present and the solution for it needs effort of discipline and legal impositions. She also said that it is inevitably impossible to think that because these night outs maybe comprised highly with students and people whose intentions are just to unwind and have fun, the presence of undesirable activity less likely to occur. More or less there would always be the presence of high risked possibilities e.g. rape, trafficking, etc especially that these common party houses are the place where people with distorted agendas can easily deceive and take advantage on the vulnerability of these students (Schnitzer, et.al., 2009). Dr. William Smith (n.d) identified frequent victims of social predicaments involving night clubs and party houses as mostly innocent students. These nocturnal businesses lure young people to participate in their social environment because they’re most likely the source of income and profit. Although long had been known that these places are the zone of criminals and they usually take victims in such environment, people are still coming in and out of these areas (Smith, 2006).
A research study was conducted by two students of UP Cebu regarding the effects of residing in the UP dormitory to university students. The researchers tried to look for the positive or negative changes that have been brought forth to the “personality of first year students who are living in the College’s dormitory” (p. 12). They wanted to find out how such living situation affected the students’ emotions, academic performance and sense of independence from parents. They included the relationship of the students with their parents and the former’s role in handling and managing their emotions, maintaining academic performance and attaining sense of independence from home (Cal & Gonzalez, 2007).
At the end of their research, they found out that majority of the respondents feel emotionally attached to their parents as well as their roommates but in a quite different way. The respondents seek help from their roommates whenever they encounter problems in school like acquiring books and notes, exam coverage, and class updates. They trust them with their feelings and sentiments. When speaking of making decisions and facing major problems, they turn to their parents for advice, guidance and comfort. They ask permission from parents when engaging in activities within school premises but when it comes to external activities, they don’t ask for permission. Even though the respondents are still minors, they tend to handle and deal matters maturely (Cal & Gonzalez, 2007).
Another study was conducted by another set of students of UP Cebu. It was entitled A Comparative Research of the Studying Efficiency between UP Dorm-Residents and Cebu-Residents. By “Cebu-residents”, the researchers meant those who live in their own houses. Their study aimed to provide incoming college students information as to what kind of living situation allows students to become more efficient in their studies particularly during preparations for examinations (Dalid & Villo, 2010).
According to their findings, students who live in their own houses are more motivated to study than those who live in dormitories, boarding houses and the like. Although a lot of temptations and distractions are present, the “presence of parents and other family members studying and the availability of privacy at any time” (p. 22) greatly motivate them to study. On the other hand, dorm-residents are less motivated due to active social life which shortens their study time to the extent of paying more attention and participation to social activities. Despite this, students living in dormitories, boarding houses, etc are found to be more “efficient in studying” (p. 22) than the home-residents as shown in the former’s higher examination results compared to the latter’s (Dalid & Villo, 2010).
Another study conducted by UP students also was found to be relevant to our own study. The researchers of the said study aimed to prove that the number of Filipinos, particularly teenagers, who smoke continued to grow through the years (Gutang & Ygnacio, 2010). Sometimes, these teenage smokers can be seen in nightclubs and party houses along with a drink in hand. According to Dr. William Smith (2006), smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages are some of the “social experiments” young adults engage in due to “the absence of ongoing oversights by parents and caretakers” (par. 3). After thorough deliberation of results, the researchers concluded that majority of the respondents smoke and “are influenced by their school peers” (p.17). These smokers knew the ill effects of smoking to their health but even so, they find it hard to quit smoking (Gutang & Ygnacio, 2010).
According to Rosalie Anderson (1972), social influence and pressure can distort a student’s performance especially when it demands a certain attention and commitment in the group. Fear of being left out, majority of students influenced by “social pressure” conforms to the whims and interests of the social group that often times perform deviant activities that usually distract student’s attention. The social environment greatly affects a student’s affiliations and endeavored experiences as it patterns its priorities and goals with its trusted peers. She also stated that drug users experience heavy socialization which often happens in pubs and parties. Students who are deceived by this social influence are brought on these places to gather around and fulfill their common goal. Curiosity is the major contributor of this dilemma. She further added that media influence has a major contribution on the propagation of drug use. Curiosity inflated on the cores of students that instead of its promotion of inhibiting drug use otherwise happened. Arousal of curiosity fuels irrational impulse on students that leads them to figure and experiment their liberal thoughts (Anderson, 1972).
Amylou Nazareno (1982) also acclaimed that mass media had been the source of information since its birth in the later decade. Its concrete and “factual information” gained influential status from gaining the attention of the audience. Mass media’s effects reached an intense point where audience gradually mimic and follow what they perceive. It has become the medium of almost everything that it can disturb a person’s attention and slowly changes its perspectives as it continues to manifest (Nazareno, 1982).
These related studies that we have gathered helped us narrow down the broad scope of our study on nightlife and its effects especially to college students. By accumulating and comparing book articles, research papers, theses and other helpful sources, we have acquired background information about our research topic which would be very essential in determining the methods to be used in conducting the research and in identifying the kind of approach best be applied in gathering the rest of the data needed for the completion of the study.
The sources that we have gathered helped us formulate useful information and arrive at concrete conclusions in the future explaining the reasons behind students’ involvement in nightlife and the effects their personal background as well as their formative orientation has brought forth to their decisions and perception on socialization and human affiliation.