panerio lora chapter 2 very late posting

Biblio = Biblio lack theses/format not followed refer to orquillas/decena biblio for proper format reference

Chapter 2

1. This chapter is organized based on different articles and research papers gathered by the researchers. Different reading materials were gathered by the researchers and sorted out to form a more understandable review of related literature. (talking about the same thing. Vary)
2.
“The implications of a climate of secrecy for a relationship as intimate as marriage are ominous: marital partners are expected to share the most intimate form of communication, intercourse, but frequently cannot verbalize their feelings about sex to another. A major outcome of sex education then is the prevention of sexual distinction” (Woods, 1975). (block quotation. Author, year should be above, in the intro line.only page no. after the quoted line)

3. Sex Education is a program that helps the youth knows (in knowing) about
4. Bruess and Jerold (1981) said that Sex education also serves a purpose on establishing a relationship within humans rather than being just “sex objects” (Bruess, Jerold 1981) (period?)
5. And if you understand the total human sexuality, then you can (point of view consistency)
6. It’s also important that the parents guide their children as they learn since sex education should start within the family (check)
7. There are also different kinds of Sexuality Educations being acknowledged. (check)
8. Also during these times when parents are required to promote good communication towards their children for them to effectively help in conveying the right information whenever their children asks them about sexuality. (fragment)
9. Parents are also encouraged to stress out the importance of abstinence (Zembar, Blume,). (year?check punctuation)
10. A number of published researches states (A number is plural)
11. A number of published researches states that Abstinence-Only programs are not that effective and they don’t reduce the cases of STIs and unwanted pregnancies. (whose Studies? do not generalize)
12. Thus, they are not proven effective towards delaying the time teens engage in sexual activity; instead they leave a void in the minds of the youth making them unprepared for protecting themselves when the time comes. (Collins, Alagiri, Summers, 2002) (period should be placed after the parenthesis)
13. According to the researchers, some research papers (awkward? Who are they?state immediately)
14. Before the actual implementation of the program several of factors are to be considered making the implementation process difficult.(insert comma after program)
15. Like in Sweden, sex education was established in 1930’s not because of population (not to address the population problem) but to promote “stability” and to be “rational” regarding sex.
16. Because of this (comma) the people..
17. Because of this the people of South Carolina decided and wanted to implement the “teaching of Abstinence as the first option of young people and that Abstinence is 100% effective in preventing unwanted pregnancies and STDs” So what researchers did was to pick random households with phone lines and called them for an interview. (check construction, run on sentence)
18. and the some of the respondents answered no, and some respondents had passive answers. (shorten, combine)
19. Over the past years, the American government has been funding for the implementation of Abstinence-Only Sex Education programs, but since these programs were not proven effective, the current President Obama decided to cut the budget and allocate the fund towards implementing Comprehensive Sex Education Programs. (source?)
20. The researchers also states that some research also shows that the Comprehensive Sex Education programs are more effective for American teens in delaying sexual activities. (Alton, F., Draughon, k., Oldendick R., 2010) (period after the parenthesis)
21. The researchers also states that some research also shows..(what is this?awkward)
22. On the survey conducted by the University of Florida lead by Dodge (led)
23. already outdated and some are random information from internet that which (check)…
24. Moreover, educators stated that only quarter (what is it? unclear) of the time are being consumed in the discussion that they only inserted the topics in sex education in other course like family and health. (Dodge, B., 2007). (period placement)
25. Several groups and individuals (like the pro-life….) are opposing (opposed ) the idea of including the said program in the school curriculum like the Pro-Life group, Task Force for Family and Life and the Visayas, who brought up their side on disagreeing about sex education.
26. are not mature enough to be given the exposure(Natavio, J., 2010).. (period placement)
27. He (who?) also added that the integration of the sex education…
28. requires the teachers to teach about the issues relating to sex, such as over population, pre marital sex and unwanted pregnancies. (Natavio, 2010) (period placement)
29. Moreover, it would also educate them on using artificial The Filipino Bishops thinks that its not the governments (check construction, run on sentence)
30. However Hubahib (year) also said that the manuals that tells (manuals and tells agreement?) about contraceptives…
31. Valisno this school year (check) and believed that children are better taught at school than having them learn it online (Natavio, J., 2010).
32. and not like how adults are taught. (Natavio, J., 2010). (double period)
33. The catholic church also said that if the government is really to push through with the program then they have to be responsible enough to screen the teachers properly. (source)
34. They believe that by doing so the children (punctuation?) would not be encouraged to try and experiment after learning about sexuality. (Natavio, J., 2010). (double period?)

35. that she also had coordinated with UNICEF in the soft implementation of the said program. (JKV, 2010) (period?)
36. “Sex education initiates sensual among children and a gateway to immorality” (Schaefer, 1994), thus (comma also after thus) it is improper to introduce (it) in the school for it may corrupt the minds of the youth.
37. Though sex education was planned to be implemented on June 2010 (comma) it was not pushed through..
38. Woods (1975) said that regardless of the hindrances on (in) the implementation of sex education…
39. Also the adolescents’ need for information and orientation regarding menstruation, contraceptives and the need for teenagers to understand and accept the responsibility for sexual encounters by making them aware of contraceptives and other birth control methods should be attended to immediately before they learn it anywhere else and might get the wrong information. If ever the government doesn’t find sufficient solutions to the problem then it would mean that they were not performing their rightful duties towards their country. (citation)
40. As per tradition and belief, the parents are the most important source of information that has great influence among their children. (rephrase)
41. life the ones who are to experience whatever consequence and positive effects their exposure to such topic (issue) has made.
42. According to Huberman (2008) (comma) if we want to prevent teenage pregnancy we should have advocates who will ensure that the proper sex education curriculum is acceptable.
43. Some do’s and don’ts on how your organization could efficiently relay the message is through having working groups correcting misconceptions and keeping your credibility. (change of point of view again)
44. The different research studies showing the effectiveness of sex education in preventing teenage pregnancies in different American schools is shown in this review and also the different articles published by Cebu local newspapers. (so what do the cebu dailies show? Unequal presentation)
45. These information could serve it’s (check) purpose on the conduct of this study by having the same responses from the respondents. (vague, revise)
46. This research study is different from other research studies of different schools since it focuses on Philippine schools. (repeating different. Give more in-depth reason why you chose this study) The main respondents of this study are students from a Cebu high school and also parents and teachers (irrelevant, remove)

Note: organization has improved but citation of sources still has to be consistent. Be careful with placement of punctuations. Make simple and clear sentences.
Still lack local, printed materials. Most sources are from the internet resulting in almost using these sources repeatedly. Biblio not followed. Check orquillas’s blog for reference
Content: 38/50 lacks local cases/situation which could be sourced out from research papers

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

This chapter is organized based on different articles and research papers gathered by the researchers. Different reading materials were gathered by the researchers and sorted out to form a more understandable review of related literature. Such reading materials that contain social issues about sexuality and articles that include such sex education programs included in school curriculums are included.

The increasing number of HIV and STI victims is one of the most alarming problems of our generation. This outbreak of sexually transmitted diseases caused a serious argument on the implementation of a certain program that is to be included in school curriculum. This program is called “Sex Education”.
What really is Sexuality Education? Sex Education is not yet that accepted in the views of some religion, politics, and by families.
“The implications of a climate of secrecy for a relationship as intimate as marriage are ominous: marital partners are expected to share the most intimate form of communication, intercourse, but frequently cannot verbalize their feelings about sex to another. A major outcome of sex education then is the prevention of sexual distinction” (Woods, 1975).

Sex Education is a program that helps the youth knows about biological aspects such as growth, puberty and contraception. It also aims to decrease “guilt and embarrassment about sexual matters” (Halstead, Reiss 2003) and promoting good relationships among the opposite sex. It also helps in preventing pre-marital sex and teenage pregnancy. It also decreases the number of sexually transmitted infections and promotes equality among sexes. (Halstead, Reiss, 2003”)
Bruess and Jerold (1981) said that Sex education also serves a purpose on establishing a relationship within humans rather than being just “sex objects” (Bruess, Jerold 1981) It also helps clear out misconceptions regarding sexuality which is very important since sexuality is a basic part of human personality and must be understood. And if you understand the total human sexuality, then you can enhance personal relationship. In order for these goals to be attained, the sex educators must be ready and be credible enough to teach the students properly. It’s also important that the parents guide their children as they learn since sex education should start within the family
There are also different kinds of Sexuality Educations being acknowledged. Like during late elementary years, the focus of sexuality education being taught to the students talks about the reproductive system so that they will understand the physical and emotional changes happening to him during puberty. Also during these times when parents are required to promote good communication towards their children for them to effectively help in conveying the right information whenever their children asks them about sexuality. Parents are also encouraged to stress out the importance of abstinence (Zembar, Blume,).
Another aspect of Sexuality Education is the Abstinence-Only sex education. A number of published researches states that Abstinence-Only programs are not that effective and they don’t reduce the cases of STIs and unwanted pregnancies. Thus, they are not proven effective towards delaying the time teens engage in sexual activity; instead they leave a void in the minds of the youth making them unprepared for protecting themselves when the time comes. (Collins, Alagiri, Summers, 2002) Also that Abstinence-Only program denies the youth from accessing the real information they need and only encourages them to stay abstinent.
In contrast to this research results on Abstinence-Only programs, another form of Sexuality Education called the Comprehensive Sex Education or Abstinence-Plus programs are proven to be more effective. According to the researchers, some research papers said that the comprehensive Sex Education programs made drastic changes in the mindset of the youth and made them more careful about sex, pregnancy and STIs, thus disproving the idea that these programs only encourage experimentation (Collins, Alagiri and Summers, 2002). The Comprehensive Sex Education program, unlike the Abstinence-Only programs does not censor the provocative parts of the curriculum. Instead they include discussions about contraceptives and sexually transmitted diseases (Collins, Alagiri and Summers, 2002).

Fraser (1972) said that the implementation of Sex Education in different countries has been more crucial than other issues encountered by the government. Before the actual implementation of the program several of factors are to be considered making the implementation process difficult. It is also said that reasons of the countries implementing it vary in some ways.

Like in Sweden, sex education was established in 1930’s not because of population but to promote “stability” and to be “rational” regarding sex.
Alton, Oldendick, and Draughon (2010) said that another country which has a high rate of teen sexual activity and teenage pregnancy is South Carolina. Because of this the people of South Carolina decided and wanted to implement the “teaching of Abstinence as the first option of young people and that Abstinence is 100% effective in preventing unwanted pregnancies and STDs” So what researchers did was to pick random households with phone lines and called them for an interview. The results showed that there was a high number of respondents who believed that sex education should be taught, and the some of the respondents answered no, and some respondents had passive answers.
The country with the highest level of teenage pregnancy is the United States of America. Over the past years, the American government has been funding for the implementation of Abstinence-Only Sex Education programs, but since these programs were not proven effective, the current President Obama decided to cut the budget and allocate the fund towards implementing Comprehensive Sex Education Programs. The researchers also states that some research also shows that the Comprehensive Sex Education programs are more effective for American teens in delaying sexual activities. (Alton, F., Draughon, k., Oldendick R., 2010)
Another study conducted by the University of Florida revealed that sex education programs in Florida’s public schools are often missed out by students and that the programs vary in content. Dodge (2007) said that sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies continue to rise despite the fact that Florida is one of the countries that includes sex education in their school curriculum. Most parents agreed that sex education must be taught in school because they aren’t able to discuss openly about sex matters at home. On the survey conducted by the University of Florida lead by Dodge (2007) with 479 respondents, 87 percent of the teachers surveyed reported that sex education is available in their school and for them “abstinence only programs” is the most effective way to avoid the transmission of diseases like AIDS and unplanned pregnancies. The investigators headed by Dodge discovered that the curricula are already outdated and some are random information from internet that which makes it different from other curricula. Moreover, educators stated that only quarter of the time are being consumed in the discussion that they only inserted the topics in sex education in other course like family and health. (Dodge, B., 2007).
It seems that the Sex Education program is impossible to be implemented in the Philippines (Natavio, J., 2010). Several groups and individuals are opposing the idea of including the said program in the school curriculum like the Pro-Life group, Task Force for Family and Life and the Visayas, who brought up their side on disagreeing about sex education. Paul Hubahib of TFFL-Visayas stated that their opposition is due to the fact that grade five students (who are the first group of students to be exposed with the sex education program) are not mature enough to be given the exposure(Natavio, J., 2010).. However, Hubahib also expressed that it could be taught to high school students, provided that teachers are to be more careful during discussion.
Natavio (2010)also said that this issue on taking into consideration the “maturity level” of students was also agreed upon by Prof. Pocholo delos Santos and Pastor Bong delos Santos of Pagpakabana Kapuso. However, the Church together with the Pro-Life group said that teaching of sexuality should be done by parents and not by schools.
He also added that the integration of the sex education to school curriculum also requires the teachers to teach about the issues relating to sex, such as over population, pre marital sex and unwanted pregnancies. (Natavio, 2010)
Another opposing force on the issue of sex education are the Filipino Bishops who thought of this program to be unhelpful and will only encourage teenagers to experiment and engage in pre-marital sex (Natavio, J., 2010). Moreover, it would also educate them on using artificial The Filipino Bishops thinks that its not the governments contraceptives which violates the church’s valued teachings on abstinence and human sexuality (Natavio, J., 2010).
However Hubahib also said that the manuals that tells about contraceptives failed to comply with the whole truth, and also pointed out that the loose implementation of laws makes the Philippines poor and not over population. Regardless of this statement, Department of Education Secretary Mona Valisno in 2010 still announced that the said curriculum will be implemented. Valisno this school year and believed that children are better taught at school than having them learn it online (Natavio, J., 2010).
After this announcement, the Catholic Church expressed their point on how schools are going to relay the information about sexuality to students. They want the schools to bear in mind that children are to be taught differently and not like how adults are taught. (Natavio, J., 2010).

The catholic church also said that if the government is really to push through with the program then they have to be responsible enough to screen the teachers properly. Basically they want to put morality in between every discussion about sexuality that is to be relayed. They believe that by doing so the children would not be encouraged to try and experiment after learning about sexuality. (Natavio, J., 2010).
However Secretary Valisno still had the strong desire of implementing the said program regardless of what the Catholic Church says and she said that she also had coordinated with UNICEF in the soft implementation of the said program. (JKV, 2010)
“Sex education initiates sensual among children and a gateway to immorality” (Schaefer, 1994), thus it is improper to introduce in the school for it may corrupt the minds of the youth. The National Coalition of Clergy and Laity (NCCL) has been pursuing since 1990’s the abolishment of sex education in order to have the genuine Catholic faith. They also added that the responsibilities of sex matters are on the shoulders of the parents because they are the one given the task and they have much knowledge about the issue (Schaefer, 1994). Moreover. NCCL believes that “what should be taught is a sound doctrinal and moral catechesis” rather than sex education which is considered by them as evil. Another organization called “Mothers Watch” was formed to protect against sex education because for them sex education is a “God-given parental right and duty” and not even the church can take that away (Schaefer, 1994).
Though sex education was planned to be implemented on June 2010 it was not pushed through and whether it is to be implemented this year (2011) is still an ongoing argument. (JKV, 2010).
Woods (1975) said that regardless of the hindrances on the implementation of sex education in different countries, we cannot deny the fact that the problem should be attended to urgently. Statistical data already were given for the government to decide on what program should be used. Woods also said that when thinking about the need for sexuality education, we are to consider the basic and the focal point of man’s concern throughout the lifecycle, which is the area of human reproduction, eventually if we are not informed about the truths of sexuality then people might end up having negative health factors. Also the adolescents’ need for information and orientation regarding menstruation, contraceptives and the need for teenagers to understand and accept the responsibility for sexual encounters by making them aware of contraceptives and other birth control methods should be attended to immediately before they learn it anywhere else and might get the wrong information. If ever the government doesn’t find sufficient solutions to the problem then it would mean that they were not performing their rightful duties towards their country.
According to Dilworth (2009) sexuality education is conducted to “supplement the information children receive from parents and caregivers” (p. 1). As per tradition and belief, the parents are the most important source of information that has great influence among their children. Parents should be the primary source of information. Teens would want to listen more on what their parents should say followed by the outside contributors like the school and their friends. Though parents address discomfort in addressing these issues, it’s still their responsibility to relay the information.

Though there are people who agree on the implementation of Sexuality Education, the point of view of those who disagree should still be put into consideration. The government officials should bear in mind that the church are not the only ones who are to be put into consideration but also the main stakeholders of different schools. Primarily the parents, the teachers and the students, their views and opinions should be put first since they are the ones subjected to the kind of treatment and in the latter life the ones who are to experience whatever consequence and positive effects their exposure to such topic has made.
According to Huberman (2008) if we want to prevent teenage pregnancy we should have advocates who will ensure that the proper sex education curriculum is acceptable. She said that many parents today already approved the idea of making sex education as part of school curricula. Some do’s and don’ts on how your organization could efficiently relay the message is through having working groups correcting misconceptions and keeping your credibility.

The different research studies showing the effectiveness of sex education in preventing teenage pregnancies in different American schools is shown in this review and also the different articles published by Cebu local newspapers. These information could serve it’s purpose on the conduct of this study by having the same responses from the respondents.

This research study is different from other research studies of different schools since it focuses on Philippine schools. The main respondents of this study are students from a Cebu high school and also parents and teachers.