projimo chapter 3

Chap 3
1. to the influences of different factors with the effectiveness of the respondents’ stress management practices (problematic connection)
2. Cannon (1932) said that (tense consistency)
3. In addition, Reuben Hill’s ABCX Model of family stress and adaptation (no year for source.what is the source? Hill’s book itself or as cited only?)
4. Hill was able to theorize (Hill theorized)
5. Another important theory, the General Adaptation Syndrome, came from Han Selye who defines the theory as the three stages of a body’s stress responses. (year of source?)
6. The first stage is the Alarm Reaction that is almost the same to (as) the fight-or-flight response
7. esponses of the person when face (check) with a stressor.
8. s the continued state of arousal that happens when there is prolonged experience of stress an upset of a person’s homeostasis takes place. (run on sentence)
9. Moreover, the Yerkes-Dodson Law (year?source?)
10. In (remove.start with Reuben) Reuben Hill’s ABCX Model of family stress, it (remove it) talks
11. one can perform at his best thus (best, thus,…)
12. A negative view of stress could determine stress as life threatening or that it’s (spell out) challenging. While a positive view of stress is motivational for a person. (fragment)
13. Healthy stress management comes in the form of proper time management, relaxation, etc. unhealthy stress management (run-on, check construction)
14. When a person achieves a high academic performance that person is able to do school tasks with some time to spare. (faulty)
15. A person performs at a low academic performance level that person was not able to do task appropriately. (faulty)
16. Satisfactory work results are evident when works are praised and got good grades. (who get good grades?object)
17. Figure 3 is shown on the next page and it shows (faulty)
18. High, average and low academic performance is rated according to how time (faulty) was efficiently used.
19. work on tense consistency

Chapter Three
STUDY FRAMEWORK

Theoretical Framework
Theories were found that provided bases for conducting the research study. The theories listed hereunder help explain the relationship of various factors that are considered in the study. All these theories give tentative explanations to the influences of different factors with the effectiveness of the respondents’ stress management practices particularly with regards to the stressors, stress and pressure, the stress response, respondents’ perspective of stress, way of coping or stress management, their academic performance level and their work results.
The first theory, the Biopsychosocial Model of Stress, affirms that there are certain factors that trigger stress and are known to be stressors. Stress composes of an external component, an internal component, and the interaction between these external and internal components. The external component involves environmental events that trigger a stress response. Cannon (1932) said that “stress reactions concern various psychosocial stimuli that are either physiologically or emotionally threatening and disrupts a person’s internal balance.” The internal component involves the neurological and physiological responses to stress. The interaction between the external and internal components involves a person’s cognitive processes.
In addition, Reuben Hill’s ABCX Model of family stress and adaptation is the major family stress model adapted by the Family Stress Adaptation Theory. It identifies major family stressors or contributors to family stress. Hill was able to theorize that there are certain major family events that disrupt family equilibrium and this is what the letter “A” refers to in Hill’s ABCX Model. Letters “B” and “C” are protective factors that prevent the negative effects of sudden experience of stress. “B” factors are the internal and external family resources and social support like the church. The “C” factors are the perceptions of the stressors experienced by the family. The “X” factor concerns about the experience of a family crisis which results from the inability to adapt to the stressful events that occurred.
Another important theory, the General Adaptation Syndrome, came from Han Selye who defines the theory as the three stages of a body’s stress responses. The first stage is the Alarm Reaction that is almost the same to the fight-or-flight response in which it includes the neurological and physiological responses of the person when face with a stressor. The Stage of Resistance, the second stage, is the continued state of arousal that happens when there is prolonged experience of stress an upset of a person’s homeostasis takes place. Thus, when there is prolonged resistance, stage three known as the Exhaustion stage leads to the eventual deterioration of body process due to the breakdown of body’s energy reserves.
Further, the Transaction Theory of stress talks about a cognitive appraisal of stress in which it involves a primary appraisal that involves the determination of a stressful event and a secondary appraisal that involves the evaluation of coping options.
Moreover, the Yerkes-Dodson Law explains the relationship between performance and arousal. It dictates that performance increases with physiological arousal but at an optimum level. The process is usually shown graphically as a curvilinear, inverted U-shaped curve which increases and decreases depending on the arousal levels.
Figure 1 shown in the next page, depicts the theoretical framework of the study. Stressors are at the topmost part of the diagram since it leads a person to experience stress which is subsequently pointed out by the downward arrow. After a person experiences stress there will always be a stress response that comes with it and it is pointed out by another downward arrow. Considering the stress response, a person would eventually develop a perspective of stress that would also eventually affect the person’s practice of stress management. A downward arrow points that the academic performance of the person is influenced by the person’s application of stress management. Another downward arrow that points out that a person’s work result is at the bottom of the framework since it is based from the academic performance level.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

























Figure 1 – The Theoretical Framework of the Study

Conceptual Framework
The stress management practices of the students are influenced by various factors. These factors somewhat form a relationship with one another.
Stressors are factors that need to be considered and can either be internal or external. These internal and external stressors can be related to the internal and external components of the Biopsychosocial Model of Stress. The external stressors are the events that occurred in the person’s environment that trigger stress. The internal stressors are the “neurological” responses that come internally from a person. In addition, the ABCX Model of family stress by Reuben Hill also talks about internal and external stressors which are the “B” factors.
Stress can be determined into short term stress or long term stress. The second stage of the General Adaptaion Syndrom by Hans Selye is the Stage of Resistance which considers the duration of the experience of stress that could affect one’s health.
Stress response comes in the form of physiological responses to stress. This is furthermore elaborated by Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome that says there are three stages of stress responses from the body.
Perspective of stress could either be negative view or positive view. In Reuben Hill’s ABCX Model of family stress, it talks about the “C” factors which are the perceptions of the stressors which are experienced by the family.
Stress management can be categorized as healthy or unhealthy. This can be furthermore evaluated using the concept of secondary appraisal of the Transaction Theory.
Academic performance level can be divided into three: high, average and low. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, performance levels are determined from dependent levels of arousal.
Work results depend on the outcome of the person’s hard work. It could be satisfactory or unsatisfactory. The Yerkes-Dodson Law states that at a certain optimum level of stress, one can perform at his best thus the work results are very satisfactory.
Figure 2 shown on the next page shows the conceptual framework of the study. Internal stressors and external stressors are shown to be on top and the downward arrow points to short term stress and long term stress that would eventually produce body’s physiological responses. The negative view of stress or positive view of stress would greatly affect the type of stress management to be used whether healthy stress management or unhealthy stress management. Classifying whether academic performance is high, average or low is determined from the effectiveness of one’s stress management practices. Eventually satisfactory or unsatisfactory work results are influence by a person’s academic performance.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK


























Figure 2 – The Conceptual Framework of the Study


Operational Framework
In order to understand the study, it is important to pay attention to the details and criteria in classifying the factors.
Internal stressors are self-originated. They can come from a person’s emotions and feeling and are manifested through anger or even sadness. External stressors are the environmental stimuli that could be from social relationships, life events, etc. (Potter and Perry, 2004; Rice, 1999).
Short term stress can be subdivided into good stress or Eustress and bad stress or Dis-stress (Gregson, 2009). Long term stress is called Chronic stress in which it is a form of on-going stress (Gregson, 2009).
A negative view of stress could determine stress as life threatening or that it’s challenging. While a positive view of stress is motivational for a person.
Healthy stress management comes in the form of proper time management, relaxation, etc. unhealthy stress management is when a person indulges himself in smoking, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, etc as a way to cope with stress (Smith, M., et al., 2010).
When a person achieves a high academic performance that person is able to do school tasks with some time to spare. Average academic performance is when a person is able to do task normally. A person performs at a low academic performance level that person was not able to do task appropriately.
Satisfactory work results are evident when works are praised and got good grades. Unsatisfactory work results are when work did not pass standards and got low grades.
Figure 3 is shown on the next page and it shows the operational framework of the study. Internal and external stressors are more clearly defined by its origins. Stress is described according to the type and duration that it is experienced by a person. Physiological responses are the bodily processes that take place upon the experience of stress. Negative and Positive views of stress is determined according to the perception of stress with regards to how a person would be harmed or benefit from stress. Healthy or Unhealthy stress management is elaborated based from its beneficial or maybe harmful effects on a person’s body. High, average and low academic performance is rated according to how time was efficiently used. Lastly, satisfactory or unsatisfactory work results are determined from the grades that the students receive.

OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK


























Figure 3 – The Operational Framework of the Study