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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

“Every woman has her own preference when it comes to guys dating. But are these standards useful in assuming compatibility or do they simply limit a woman's options?” Tane (n.d). (run-on. Attach properly the source to the sentence) Teenagers are individuals that cannot be called a child because they are already entering the adolescence stage and they cannot be called grown-ups as well because they are not old enough to be considered as one (Githinji, 2007). Githinji (2007) also states that this stage signals the teenagers to love and be loved in return by the opposite sex. This chapter would tackle why the researchers chose the 16-18 age bracket as basis of (in) choosing the respondents, where the female teenagers get the idea of what their ideal guy would look like and what is the difference between the ideal guy before and the ideal guy now. Most importantly, this chapter would be focusing (would focus) on the qualities of a guy that make him ideal for a girl – the physical characteristics, his financial stability, the values and personalities he possess, his mental capacity and the social group in school he belongs to.

The 16-18 age bracket
At the age of 16, boys and girls is (subject verb agreement) already in the middle adolescence stage (Gesell, Ilg, Ames, 1975). As adolescents, both boys and girls enter the stage of establishing heterosexual interests wherein they start becoming interested in members of the opposite sex and start selecting the one that is ideal for them (Cole, 1893). She said (tense consistency.present tense was used in earlier paragraph) that in the normal development shown by stimuli, the emotion of love for the people of about the same age and of the opposite sex ranks third (confusing, so many ofs). In addition to that, she also said that “girls become interested to boys merely because they are girls and boys become interested to girls merely because they are boys”. Gesell, Ilg, and Ames (1975) found out that teenagers in this stage show considerable degree of maturity in their outlook upon choosing an ideal partner, marriage and family responsibility.

Television as a basis of choosing an ideal guy
Teenagers mostly watch television more than the average due to a certain program that they want to watch over and over again (Robson, 2009). “By watching television, it is possible that the female adolescent isolates, selects, and interprets ideas or features which she feels are related to her feelings and opinions towards the opposite sex” (Sanchez, 1984). Sanchez (1984) also cited that a research conducted by the University of Health and Human Services found out that girls tend to choose male characters they found in television due to physical attractiveness. Due to the impact of television, Rollins (1996) stated in her book Women's Mind Women's Bodies that girls make themselves “sexually attractive in order to get the attention of boys”. In addition to that statement, an evangelical Christian publisher Tyndale House in Brown's (2004) article states that (omit that, put comma after states) “with all the reality shows on TV, it seems that teens are inundated with the message that you can figure out who you want to marry in 10 hours or less”.

Characteristics of an Ideal Guy
A. Physical Features
“Physical attraction is a popular field of study in social psychology. There is a desire to define what people consider attractive” (Hendricks, Olson, Hall, Batt, 1998). They said that there are two classes of attractiveness: either you (shift in person from 3rd to 2nd person) are drawn due to physical attraction or due to the individual’s personality. However, there are (check) some psychological research which shows that a person is attracted to another person with similar level of attractiveness as theirs (Feng, 2005). When one person is physically attracted to another, then there is an increase desire to have interactions. A person becomes attracted because of the following factors:
I. Eyes
A part of the article (begin with the authors) by Khyne and Dwayne (n.d) states that the different physical features that girls find attractive in boys include the eyes- specifically the color and the shape. When talking about the eye color, they state that girls are attracted more on the color of the boys' eyes rather than in the shape and because of that, those boys having unusual eye colors – like those having brown or blue eyes perhaps can be on the top of the list in choosing what their ideal guy looks like. On the other hand, Khyne and Dwayne (n.d) explain that the shape of a boy's eyes is also a big factor for the girls in choosing what their ideal guy would look like, but this depends on the culture the girl had been exposed (to). Another article by Hajime (n.d) pronounce (subject verb agreement that those boys having large, round eyes are viewed by girls as having “a more youthful, submissive look”.
II. Nose
According to lifestylekarma.com, the nose is the one that forms the primary attraction since it is the most visible part on any human’s face. Different nose shapes make a person look perfect in a way. One of the hottest celebrities that female teenagers like so much is the Harry Potter star, Daniel Radcliffe which has an aquiline nose which “symbolise (check agreement with the subject) a cool tactician with a business mind” (Macrae, 2011).
III. Face Shape
“A sharper, tapered face is more feminine, while a square-shaped face is more masculine” (Hajime, n.d). However, Hajime (n.d) states that although those guys having square-shaped faces is more “manly”, they now prefer boys having “tapered faces” which is described as having faces that goes ( check agreement with the subject) thinner toward the end and this is due to the existence of Edward Cullen in Twilight (italicize title). Tony Little, the principal research psychologist was cited in Rogers (2002) newspaper article saying that “"women find femininity appealing in a male face because they said they associate it with co-operation, honesty and parental ability”. On the other hand, most girls consider oval shape as the most ideal face shape both for boys and girls (repetition) because it perfectly fits whatever a person's clothes are.
IV. Lips
Strovny (n.d) gathered the top ten male body parts women love and found out that men having adorable lips rank seventh because it gives a beautiful appeal. To be more specific, Snow (2011) on the other hand (punctuation?) states that girls like boys having a soft, full mouth (thick lips) because it looks sexy to whoever has it.
V. Height
Most of the girls like guys that are taller than them. According to Braslavsky (2000), “it is suspected that women prefer tallness either because it signifies strength and good genes or because it signals a high-quality rearing environment with proper nutrition”. In other words, girls like tall guys because they think that “height commonly reflects dominance and physical superiority” (Hajime, n.d). To be specific, Khyne and Dwayne (n.d) mention that boys having a height of 5'8” to 6'4” is the ideal height the girl look ( agreement with the subject?) for in a guy.

In Jones’ (2010) survey, although physical attributes is not the main criteria women look for in a guy but (not contrast, remove but, put comma after a guy) it check agreement) is still a factor. The results (what results? Whose study?) showed that women are attracted to guys who have a good sense of style, a handsome face, height taller than them, a good muscular build and fit.

B. Financial Stability
Landing on a rich guy has been a fantasy for some women. (choppy, join) It is only practical to marry a rich man. Chandvani (2011) added (tense consistency.past or present) that girls are most attracted to a guy who is financially stable. According to Virk (2010), no matter how great the personality of the guy, “the reality is that most women expect their partners to be able to support them at some level.” It is just practical if you (shift in person) are looking for a lifetime partner and many if not most of the times, financial support is a big factor to women when getting into a relationship, Virk added. Furthermore, Chandvani (2011) adds that girls look (for) and dream for (of) a guy that can readily support their wants and needs like those guys who are or who will soon have jobs that gives (grammar) them a very high income or those guys whose family is already rich. Adding to that statement, Alkon (2010) states in her article that women are into taller men, but forgets (grammar) this criteria when we talk about money. For example, a guy who fell in love with a girl taller than him has a great chance of winning the girl's heart if he is rich than a guy who is tall, but is financially unstable.
But according to Adam Galinsky, Ph.D. as cited by Nersesian (2011), guys with less cash can actually make women happier, because money and status often breed disloyalty and other negative traits in men.”

C. Character/Personality Traits
Being described by Cole (1893) as the “totality of an individual's characteristics, especially as they (who? Grammar) concern a man's relations to other people”, (what is being described or modified? Personality? But what follows is the public.rephrase) the general public believes that personality is the most important trait a girl look for in a guy and it outweigh a person's physical attractiveness (Canning, 2005). In a journal by Feng (2002) entitled Looking Good: The Psychology and Biology of Beauty, he said that
"In one study, 70% of college students deemed an instructor (grammar.check the orig copy) physically attractive when he acted in a friendly manner, while only 30% found him attractive when he was cold and distant. Indeed, when surveyed for attributes in selecting a mate, both males and females felt kindness and an exciting personality were more important in a mate than good looks (faulty construction). Thus, to a certain degree, beauty truly is in the eye of the beholder".
In addition, a survey done by Jones (2011) and other unnamed people (where? locale?), they (faulty referencing, from a survey to they) “organized traits and characteristics according to the percentage of women who ranked them within the top 10 attributes (rephrase. Women rated traits relating to character and personality much higher than they scored those reflecting physical attractiveness.” There are five character traits that topped the survey. First is a faithful man. (choppy, join with the following sentence) Women find it difficult to find a faithful man, a man whom they can trust and rely upon. “A woman's tendency toward attachment is a biological imperative, a matter of raising offspring right”, Jones (2011) (Jones what? faulty). She added that women needs (grammar) assurance that when the women (they) and the mate (their mate) will have children, the (their) guy will not go anywhere. Second is a dependable man. (choppy)

Women say they look for a man who makes commitments and follows through, Jones (2011) (faulty). A man is only as good as his word. Once he breaks that, he’ll be lucky if he gets a gig at the drive-through. It’s a simple rule, but time and time again, we see guys breaking it. Third is a kind man. “Young women may still fall for the bad-boy type, but more-mature women are turned on by kindness, because kindness inspires confidence” Jones (2011). Fourth is the moral integrity of a man. Jones (2011) says that women find it attractive when guys have high moral integrity meaning telling the truth and do what is right and have the guts to be a decent partner over the long haul. And the last but not the least on the list is fatherliness. “Being a good dad (or having the potential to become one) is about being a good role model—and about being patient and caring, qualities women like in a partner” Jones (2011). (faulty sentences, very choppy)

There were also personality traits in the survey Jones conducted. The top 5 personality traits that were in the survey were sense of humor, intelligence, passion, confidence and generosity. Women like guys who can make them laugh. “If a man is not interesting or doesn't have a sense of humor most women will get bored and won't bother continuing with him. In fact for a lot of woman (grammar) a better personality is more important than looks” according to Virk (2010). Women also like guys who are intelligent. Van Tavour (2011) cited Kristofor McCarty, “the women are actively looking for signs that their partner is intelligent, and believe that the ability to assess situations and can crack jokes that can make others laugh is a factor that shows intelligence.” In other words, women look for guys who are intelligent but are not too serious and have a good sense of humor. Another personality trait that women look for in a guy is being passionate. “Women like displays of passion because they're not accustomed to seeing them from men” Jones (2011). Passionate guys are rarely seen by the women, “it’s a proof that guys care for and about something beyond themselves” Jones added.

D. Mental Capacity/Ability
“We all talk about intelligence, but what exactly is it? Simply put, however, intelligence is the ability to learn about, learn from, understand, and interact with one’s environment” Bainbridge (n.d). (don’t begin with quotes. Start with the author followed by his/her quote. Define directly. No more what exactly is it) Intelligence is something different cultures particularly value, and it can certainly be counted among the more desirable things to have in life. Women look for guys who are intelligent according to the results in Jones survey. Men who can solve problems can make women feel secure, Jones (2011). Women want to feel safe and secure, they want to be with someone who can make very good decisions in life, she wants to know what to do and get advice.(faulty construction)

E. Social Group
“The peer culture, the sum total of spontaneous social manifestations among age-mates is most clearly defined and most influential during the middle years of adolescence” (Cole, 1893). (review how to quote properly) According to her, people belonging to a certain social group is bound together due to their similar interest. Social groups like jocks, preps, nerds, and many more are the choices to which a guy would like to belong to and there are girls who would like their ideal guy to belong in one of these groups (New, 2010).
Ideal Guy Before and Ideal Guy Now
Jennifer Jermyn and Heather Johnson (n.d) from the Carleton University said that during the year 1930's, 1940's, and 1950's, ideal men and ideal women were somewhat the same with the only exception on the way they dress. In their article, they are basically dealing on the physical aspects of a guy.
To start it off, according to Jermyn and Heather (n.d), Frank Sinatra's beautiful voice made him the most attractive male in 1940. They said that girls went crazy for him during those times and made him a model to what the girls' ideal guy would look like. Meanwhile, during the 1950's, they said that the bad boy image became popular due to the impression given by bad boys like Elvis Presley, Marlo Brando, and James Dean. The “charm and elegance” of Cary Grant was loved by most girls during the year 1950 as well (Jermyn and Johnson, n.d) (run on). In 1980, on the other hand, the power decade as it was called, they stated that the physical appearance girls looked for in a guy was “big-muscled, low-body-fat look”. They said that those men having “broad, muscled shoulders, a rippled stomach and narrow hips” were a major turn on.
In addition to what the ideal guy in the past is (faulty.what is it? An idea? Or to what the author of that idea said), Sanchez's (1984) study on the Exposure to Male Television Stars: It's Influence on the Attitude of Fourth Year High School Girls towards Men, focused more on the personality part. (relationship not fully established. What did the study say about ideal guy in the past). She stated in her research that David Hasselhoff of Knight Rider, a tv episode during that year and Dirk Benedict of A Team were the most popular male television stars to most of the girls because of the following characteristics: they are handsome, intelligent, responsible, have strong sex appeal and have a good sense of humor.
Now, belonging to the 21st century, the ideal guys of girls are those having features that are only “average” (Rogers, 2002). Rogers (2002) (no need to mention again the year) also said that there are girls who prefer boys having feminine features rather than those boys who are called “macho”.

Synthesis
Having mentioned the different articles, books, journals, newspaper and other people's researches (no such word), the variables in the study which are the physical appearance, financial stability, the character or personality of a person, mental capacity, and the social group to which he (referring to the variable? Faulty referencing) belongs to is important to some girls who have their own preference in choosing their ideal guy. (rephrase) All of the things mentioned above is (grammar) dependent on the preference of female teenagers aging 16-18 because at this age, they are already more mature in choosing what they want and who they want to be with. There can be times that they are influence (d) on what they see on television and apply it in real life. Also, because people change and time goes by, the ideal guy many years before may be different from the ideal guy of the 21st century girls now. (revise synthesis. How would your research clarify, address the same issue? How would those sources help your conduct of research)