antig, delos santos

1. The whole is more than the sum of its part.”This (space) serves as a strategic command for multinational companies because the main headquarters should ensure that the business must gain success despite of (despite, inspite of) external forces.
2. Based in Google, (what is this? Website or place?) Multinational corporations (MNCs) majorly have the economic role which simply channels physical and financial capital to..
3. Multinational corporations (multinational corps or Multinational Corp.. be consistent )
4. As multinational corporations maximize profits, it does not mean that they become exploiters but they serve as a catalyst for development. (always refer to sources) There is a give-and-take relationship between the multinational corporations and the domestic country for they both benefited in this game. Domestic country receives jobs, taxes, and manpower is boosted and on the other hand, the MNCs have been provided by resources and environment on where they can earn. But if MNCs will go beyond the limitations and if only they think of their own self- aggrandizement, it will end up as exploitation( Salma, 2007).
5. Based on Swedroe (1996) article, (possessive form put ’)
6. As cited in the Google, (not accepted. Too general.name of org, year?)
7. As cited in the Google, base (d) on the evidences
8. it is agreeable that multinational corporations are key factors in the large improvement in the welfare of developing countries (check construction)
9. Furthermore, MNCs are not committed to be engaged in the devastation of global environment but instead they serve as the driving force or agent in the spread of environmental advancements and the creation of eco-friendly markets. (source?)
10. Moreover cited by Swedroe (1996), (awkward, rephrase)
11. Recently, (how recent? Cite year) according to the University Essays, (name of org? year?)
12. Several intellectuals have pointed out that these MNCs create misleading and false need of consumers basically they make known that too much consumerism ideology. (faulty, check)
13. n the municipalities of Alcoy and Dalaguete, located in the southern part of Cebu province, Philippines. the company (check, faulty) pioneered in the production of quality dolomite in the entire Philippines and become a major supplier of dolomite in Japan and other markets in Asia.
14. On April 1 2001 (check punctuation) the company acquired the limestone mine in Garcia, Hernandez, Bohol. Which was (erroneous) formerly managed by its sister corporation.
15. According to I.L.O. (what is ILO)
16. More over (check) occupational
17. In some instance "expansion of employment and planning of training, further training and retraining" requires a much better effort of consultation in using and securing manpower databases. More over occupational classification systems is another essential factor effecting manpower planning and training. It acts as the mirror of the works performed by the laborer. Workers must be frequently monitored and updated considering the various changes that will occur through the introduction of new technologies. This kind of system must not lessen the professional status of the workers; rather this must improve their status through the consideration of the nature and the changes and through association of their skill requirements. (sources are lost here.cite from time to time)
18. In this sense, enjoys (huh) the right to form and trade unions that they choose and not be discriminated in exercising the right.
19. Employee involvement involved quality management in order the (check) employees to focus more
20. and skills for them to be able in making (faulty) sound decisions and in performing effectively
21. According to Google, based (not acceptable)
22. Keller (1985) stated the effects of mining in (on) the environment
23. On the contrary, based on the reports of Philippine Star (November 2009) , even though (check comma)
24. you don’t have a synthesis of your review.relation of reviewed studies to your problem not established in the last paragraph.


Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

We, the researchers would precisely review some related articles, studies and researches about how mining affects the people, on the country’s economy, and on the environment. The facts and information being synthesized and gathered by us were critically analyzed and evaluated in accordance to their relevance to the study. The role of mining industries and related Multinational companies in the economy and society were taken into consideration also.

According to Salma (2007), globalization village spreads so fast worldwide in the recent years living tremendous impacts in all aspects of human life. Globalization has accelerated, significant implications for the regulation and governance of international business, trade, investment, and the sprouting of multinational companies. These companies undertake such transaction for profit, resources, and power.
Multinational companies (MNCs) as defined by United Nations are large enterprises which control assets, factories, mine industries, sales offices, and the like in two or more countries (Barlett et. al, 2003). It is also known as transnational corporations that operate in more than one country and which has its own production unit.
Some examples of multinational companies include Pepsi Corporation, Nestle Corporation, Coca- Cola Company, MEPZA, and others. It is true that they aim at profit- maximization but also they provide quality service to the society and improving standard way of living to their shareholders, specially the employees, and workers. They make use of the advancement of technologies and thus, bringing economies to the large scale. They are not seen as devils in a way and they also serve as a blessing to any nation’s economic progress (Salma, 2007).
According to the famous Aristotle quote, “The whole is more than the sum of its part.”This serves as a strategic command for multinational companies because the main headquarters should ensure that the business must gain success despite of external forces. To create additional gain, corporations and industries should clearly define its role, goal, and priorities to be competitive enough to win the global competition. By doing so, profit can be maximized and attained both by the company and its laborers (Wikipedia).
The main goals which influenced the multinational companies based on Salma (2007), are to engage in international business expansion to acquire more sales and resources, to minimize competitive risk and variation of sources and supplies (Johnson and Turner, 2003). Besides, there are factors and agents which have influenced these to a greater extent which are economic, cultural, technological, and social factors.
Based in Google, Multinational corporations (MNCs) majorly have the economic role which simply channels physical and financial capital to countries which have financial shortages specially the developing countries. Wealth is created and as a result, this yields to the creation of jobs and employment. By improving the efficiency of capital flows, Multinational corporations reduce world poverty levels and provide positive relations with the United Nation’s mission.
As multinational corporations maximize profits, it does not mean that they become exploiters but they serve as a catalyst for development. There is a give-and-take relationship between the multinational corporations and the domestic country for they both benefited in this game. Domestic country receives jobs, taxes, and manpower is boosted and on the other hand, the MNCs have been provided by resources and environment on where they can earn. But if MNCs will go beyond the limitations and if only they think of their own self- aggrandizement, it will end up as exploitation( Salma, 2007).
Based on Swedroe (1996) article, another role played by MNCs is in the game of international trade which conveys that they are responsible for around two-thirds of world exports of goods and services. About half of it consists internal firm exports and increasing foreign direct investment (FDI). They have influenced international trade patterns though it may become complicated sometimes and cause monopolies.
As cited in the Google, base on the evidences supplied by the World Bank and United Nations, it is agreeable that multinational corporations are key factors in the large improvement in the welfare of developing countries over the last fifty years. Furthermore, MNCs are not committed to be engaged in the devastation of global environment but instead they serve as the driving force or agent in the spread of environmental advancements and the creation of eco-friendly markets.
Moreover cited by Swedroe (1996), advanced several programs are implemented by MNCs like the Global Environmental Management Initiative and Global Sullivan Principles which established several industry codes dedicated to the achievement of high levels of social responsibility pertaining to the environmental protection and awareness.
Recently, according to the University Essays, the rapid rise of MNCs is the number one talked of the town and in the global village. There are some bad feedbacks for some who have seen it as a leading threat of basic privacy. Several intellectuals have pointed out that these MNCs create misleading and false need of consumers basically they make known that too much consumerism ideology. Even though this idea arises, there are still evidences which can justify their significant contributions to the humanity.
Mining industry is an example of a Multinational Corporation that is rampantly established throughout the country that plays a big role in the economy.
What is mining?
According to Ibon Facts and Figures (1994), Mining is the excavation of mineral bed deposits from which different minerals are massively extracted from ore deposit sites and in mineral sea beds. Minerals are greatly essential in sustaining and uplift people's living. These serve as raw materials in order for industries, factories and establishments to run and to continue operating. Everywhere we go and everything we see, these are the products of so called - minerals. Minerals comprised the non-living but naturally inorganic substances in solid, liquid or any intermediate state like rocks, soil, sand, metals, gravel and other sources of energy like natural gas and geothermal energy.
HISTORY
According to Ibon Facts and Figures (1994), the big mining firms are owned by a combination of the old Filipino meztizo elite families, the new Filipino - Chinese Taipans individual foreign investors and multinational corporations (MNC’s). With the presence and aid of locals, mining industry flourished as a result, the people’s way of life, laborers and the economy booms.

Modern mining techniques are divided into four main types: Surface or open-cast, underground, fluid, and marine of seabed deposits. Dolomite Mining is a kind of surface mining wherein the minerals to be mined are found closely on top of the mountains. In this kind of mining, the first thing to be done is to get rid of waste materials covering the minerals. A kind of technique for this is the open-pit mining in which the minerals were excavated. It involves the flattening of mountains to extract minerals from ore chunks (The New Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia).
According to Strahler (1963), Dolomite is a kind of mineral that contains the element Magnesium (Mg) that gives to its chemical formula CaMg(CO3)2. It is much harder than Calcite and it is not merely formed by precipitation but also it undergone by a chemical process as Magnesium- bearing, saltwater is entirely soaked through it.
In the country, many mining industries are established and a concrete example of a Dolomite Mining industry is the Philippine Mining Services Corporation in Pugalo, Alcoy, Cebu.
Philippine Mining Service Corporation (PMSC) was established on June 16 1980 as a subsidiary of Kawatetsu Mining Company Ltd. and Kawasaki Steel Corporation, both of Tokyo, Japan, to fulfill the vision of developing the huge dolomite deposit found in the municipalities of Alcoy and Dalaguete, located in the southern part of Cebu province, Philippines. the company pioneered in the production of quality dolomite in the entire Philippines and become a major supplier of dolomite in Japan and other markets in Asia. On April 1 2001 the company acquired the limestone mine in Garcia, Hernandez, Bohol. Which was formerly managed by its sister corporation. At present, PMSC has increased its capital and production of quality dolomite and limestone to ensure a continuous supply to the different industries in Japan Asian continent.
Manpower Planning
According to I.L.O. (1990), mining industries will not be possible without its laborer. In a mining industry, man power planning is an obscure process mainly because of the rapid change in the energy market and some factors that threaten the workers on mining industry. In some instance "expansion of employment and planning of training, further training and retraining" requires a much better effort of consultation in using and securing manpower databases. More over occupational classification systems is another essential factor effecting manpower planning and training. It acts as the mirror of the works performed by the laborer. Workers must be frequently monitored and updated considering the various changes that will occur through the introduction of new technologies. This kind of system must not lessen the professional status of the workers; rather this must improve their status through the consideration of the nature and the changes and through association of their skill requirements.

Labour-Management Relations
I.L.O (1990) also stated that good labor - management relations should be given the prime importance and should actively peruse. In this sense, enjoys the right to form and trade unions that they choose and not be discriminated in exercising the right. In return, employers must respect their worker's independence, should recognize the representative organizations and facilitate their participation in the settlement of all questions affecting the workers interests. In the level of the mine, problems could arise on the relations between employers and workers, and this is of particular importance. This can only be resolved when both have a mutual understanding and respect and both parties should establish a common condition making possible at one and the same time the protection of the interest of the other workers and the effective operation of the undertaking.
According to Daft (2008), Total Quality Management (TQM) focuses directly on the management of total organization in order to deliver good quality service to the consumers for MNCs to deal with the global competition. Employee involvement involved quality management in order the employees to focus more on the production for them to find out what really attracts costumers. In this case, costumers are given much attention and so the employees and the company have the chance to enjoy big profits and incomes. With the help of this good working relation, nation’s economy also becomes progressive.

Employee Empowerment
Daft (2008) cited that empowerment means giving the employees the opportunity to show how creative they are by honoring them their freedom, resources, enough information, and skills for them to be able in making sound decisions and in performing effectively. Empowerment also expands their behavior as reflected in their works, job enrichments and in employee participation. Companies that adopt in this kind of idea believe in treating their employees well by providing competitive wages and installing good working conditions, and as well as giving skillful trainings which can enhance their abilities. By doing so, the employee – employer relationship gains much productivity and profits.
Furthermore as cited in University-Essays, most MNCs have recognized the need to be responsive to local markets, in political needs and styles in management followed by them are in active shifting towards an idea of “Think Global, Act Local”.
Effects on the Economy
According to Director Muyce (1992), low international metal prices are not the primary reason for the slump of the local metal mining industry, but lack of investments. But as years passed by, mineral and metal prices increase leading to a large scale economy (Ibon Facts and Figures, 1994).
According to Ibon Facts (1998), the mining firms have greatly contributed to the economy because of the growing mineral output and the great increase and the great increase in metal prices. In the Philippines, mining sectors provided a 48% increase of the gross production output from metallic mines from PHP 37 billion to PHP 55 billion in 2006.
According to Reyes (2005), mining industry gains its power in upbringing the country's economy. Philippine Mining Industry has boosted because of the rich mineral resources. Philippines have owned the top rank producers of chromites, copper, nickel and gold because of its geographical location. It has eighteen active volcanoes that lay within the Pacific 'rim of fire', an orogenioc belt associated with active ore-forming mineralization.
Moreover as stated by Reyes (2005), the contribution of the mining sector to the economy continues to expand with the growing output and unprecedented increase in metal prices. The mining sector registered a genuine performance with gross production output from metallic mines rising 48% from P37 billion in 2006 in the Philippines.
According to Google, based on statistics conducted by International Monetary Fund in 2010, Philippines topped as the 4th largest economy in the South East Asia and ranked as 33rd largest economy in the world. In the country, newly industrialized market is emerging and flourishing up to 7.3% growth in Gross Domestic Product in the year 2010 despite of global financial crisis and depreciation. This 7.3% increase in 2010, was described as the highest and fastest growth in 24 years in the history. The important sectors which contributed in the booming of country's economy are the textile, garments, food manufacturing and electronics assembly. Mining industries also have the greatest contribution because these mineral mining attract foreign and local investors.
Effects on the Environment

Keller (1985) stated the effects of mining in the environment tend to be inevitable because of the growing demands for mineral deposits. No matter how hard people try to reduce the adverse impact of mining, it is obviously impossible to realize it since the needs for more and more minerals will eventually require vast areas for further excavation and digging processes.
On the contrary, based on the reports of Philippine Star (November 2009) , even though mining causes many environmental problems, Philippine Mining Service Corporation- Philippine Dolomite Mining was announced as the Titanium Winner under the Quarry Operation category of the Presidential Mineral Industry Environmental Award and second runner- up for Non- Metallic Category of best Mining Forest during the fifty sixth Annual National Mine Safety and Environment Conference last November 14, in Baguio City.