basalo benigay chapter 2

chapter 2 comments
1. Brockman and Russell (1992) stated
Brockman and Russell (1992) also believe (tense consistency)
2. The way of reasoning and perception refers (check)
3 While one is still taking up a college course, he can already build up connections that will be of great help especially when he will be applying for jobs, a college degree may also be an edge for promotion. (run on sentence)
5. First, he gets to learn a lot of things (gender-bias; she/he)
6. Third, he can find his peers here and can fit in with people whom he share (check agreement) the same interests with
7. They can also recommend the students to have a talk with certain people in order to get informations (information)
8. Katharine Hansen (2008) concludes (tense consistency, you used past tense earlier)
9. And ofcourse, (check)
10. He also believes……he also thinks…. (tense consistency you used paste tense earlier)
11. However, the socio-economic status and gender of applicants’ do not (check)
12. Health applicants indicate the satisfaction of graduates from the course as a very influential factor with regards to their course preference than (parallelism; no higher or more to match your ‘than’) those who belong in any other field.
13. Infact, (check)
14. They are more exposed to a wide range of choices and possibilities in order to meet the kind of education they would prefer. They also have access to healthcare and are equipped with the information on the social, emotional and cognitive aspects of their children. More so, their children are more knowledgeable when it comes to the basics of learning because those with high socio-economic status have easier access to quality education than others. On the other hand, families who have low socio-economic status are less capable of acquiring quality and standard education for their children. They are less equipped with knowledge on healthcare due to limited resources in the community. Their children are more likely to choose a school or college that is within their economic means as to meet the financial demands of their education. (citation is forgotten in this part)
15. They can also provide their children with the things that will help nourish them. In the same way, these parents will really seek information to help them get ready the kids for school. On the other hand, families who have lower economic status will have a hard time to support the education of the child financially, economically and other support that parents from the higher class can provide. The parents who are members of the lower class may not have the capabilities to join their children while doing school works. They may not have the knowledge regarding “childhood immunizations and nutrition” that are very much vital in the child’s development. (citation is forgotten)
16. According to Maiese (2004), social status is the “degree of honor or prestige attached to one's position in society”. It is also associated with the capabilities of individuals to hold on certain beliefs or principles which are vital in the society. The social roles are distinguished as to what are the important cultures that are existing in the society are.
Maiese (2004) also believes that sometimes, the inequality in position and wealth may dominate so much that the people may go along with it without being aware. However, when there is resistance, “social conflict results”. “Domination conflicts” may be perceived depending on who higher or lower positions in terms of the socioeconomic or political power. The conflicts may occur between individuals, groups of people or within a country. Those who have high status are said to have more authority and privilege over other people who have low status. The former’s ideals, principles, feelings and the like are often given more weight of importance. There is also a sort of stereo typing when it comes to the services offered in the society like the resources, health services, education and job opportunities. Some give these benefits just relying on the “skin color, gender, or ones profession”. There are really different factors that will determine the social position of the people in the society. These include “individual's race, ethnicity, gender, age, skin color, economic class, caste, religious sect, and regional grouping”. However, there are still more factors aside from those mentioned. The labeling of who really are superior in a certain society depends on the norms that they follow. People have the tendency to mark other people according to their own perception or standards. (so many ideas mixed up here)
17. The thesis on The Effects of Economic Disadvantaged Status and Secondary Vocational Education on Adolescent Work Experience and Post-Secondary Aspirations (italicize title of thesis)
18. The thesis on The Effects of Economic Disadvantaged Status and Secondary Vocational Education on Adolescent Work Experience and Post-Secondary Aspirations by Rojewski (1997) emphasizes (tense consistency) that the disadvantaged economic status of high school graduates is a major factor that influences their choice of degree program in college in this case, vocational degree programs. The research showed (tense consistency)

Other comments:
1. No synthesis of the review. Relation between your study and those mentioned sources were not established.
2. Use of tense inconsistent
3. Paragraph is long, ideas mixed up
4. Needs organization of ideas, joining of related ideas, and smooth flow from one paragraph to another rather than just saying according….
5. Refer to rrl works of embog/cosmo, Fernandez/estrecho, raganas/luayon etc for sample
6. Revise properly; check every sentence
Bibliography:
1. Some have no titles
2. No proper order.why start with internet sources? Alphabetical ordering not followed.

A CORRELATIVE STUDY ON THE ECONOMIC STATUS AND THE CHOICE OF COURSE OF FIRST YEAR UP CEBU STUDENTS

A Research Paper
Presented to the
Humanities Division
University of the Philippines
Cebu College

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Course
Communication II
By:
Basalo, Gerime Mae A.
Benigay, Easterlyn Kwan
January 2011


This chapter is organized accordingly to comply with the study’s objectives. First, it is important to understand how adolescents make certain decisions. Then, the implications of a college education as well as the other factors which affect the choice of a college course are discussed. Lastly, it is equally important to understand and define economic status, including the advantages and disadvantages of its corresponding social classes. With these guidelines, the relationship between the students’ economic status and their choice of college course can be derived.
Decision-Making of Adolescents
Brockman and Russell (1992) stated that in the process of decision-making, one takes into account the probable consequences of his decision. He weighs down all his choices before landing into a final decision. One skill that is most utilized in the process of decision-making is a person’s reasoning capability. This includes knowing probability and the capacity to think systematically and abstractly. An efficient decision-maker should be able to list relevant choices, identify potential consequences of each choice, assess the likelihood of each consequence actually occurring, determine the importance of these consequences, and combine all this information to decide which choice is the most appealing.
Brockman and Russell (1992) also believe that there are different factors which influence an adolescent’s decision-making. These may include cognitive, psychological, social, cultural and societal factors. The way of reasoning and perception refers to the cognitive skill, which is centered on the mental processes of an individual. However, the decisions made by adolescents vary as they mature with age. They are influenced by their experiences and they tend to rely on their own judgment. The influences brought about by the adolescent’s family or peer group refers to his psychological and social skills. Religion, economic class and ethnicity are also part of the cultural and societal factors which influence the decision-making of adolescents. The only way to understand how teenagers make decisions is also to understand the many challenges that they are facing today. There is a need to comprehend the information they possess, what information they choose to use and their cognitive ability. Indeed there have been many studies on the decision-making of adolescents which takes into consideration the Piagetian stage of cognitive development, social and psychological influences such as the effects brought about by peer pressure, or factors regarding their involvement in ethnic and minority groups. The individual components of a teenager’s decision-making are therefore highlighted in these studies.
The College Education
According to McGuire (n.d.) in his article in the CollegeView, it is important to get a college education to have more opportunities. He said that it’s a “gateway to better options”. Also, he said that being in a college school would allow one to think and develop his knowledge which would give him an edge over other job applicants in the future. While one is still taking up a college course, he can already build up connections that will be of great help especially when he will be applying for jobs, a college degree may also be an edge for promotion. He closes his article by saying that the benefit from getting a college degree is not just getting oneself a job. There are still many benefits beyond it. However, many High School students do not see its importance because most of them only see the hardship on how to pay for the degree.
According to Malm and Jaminson (1952), an institution which takes control over six or more hours of the time of a teenager will really have a great influence in his life. Aside from the time element, there are still reasons why an institution should be pointed for the traits that a teenager has. First, he gets to learn a lot of things from the subjects taught in the four corners of the classroom such as Mathematics, Science and English. Second, it is only in school that a “professional help” is provided in order for him to survive the coming struggles of life. Third, he can find his peers here and can fit in with people whom he share the same interests with. Fourth, the school will also develop his social being because of the group processes that he will undergo as part of his studies. Fifth, an introduction to the community is also catered in school which is way different from their comfort zones, their homes. Sixth, they can already have the feeling of handling “responsibilities and serious problems” as they go through the process of schooling.
According to Dr. Fritz Grupe (2011), “eighty percent of college-bound and high school students have not yet chosen a major”. On the other hand, some college students still shift to other courses twice or even thrice in his college years.
Robinson (2011) suggested that before choosing a major, the students should first look into the campus resources. The academic advisors should be given importance. They are not only there to select classes for the students but they can also guide them in choosing college majors. These academic advisors know the nature of every course in the school very well. The students should be acquainted with the School Faculty and Chairs. They can share insights that the students might have left out while deciding for majors to take up. They can lead the college students into “new directions within careers and ultimately the majors required to succeed”. They can also recommend the students to have a talk with certain people in order to get informations about different majors. The students should also seek help from the Career Centers because they are effective “campus resource”. Aside from giving them good points for choosing majors, they also give the ideas for new careers after graduating in College.
Katharine Hansen (2008) concludes that there is nothing better than finishing a college degree. Because for one, it will improve an individual’s outlook in life. He will get to interact with different kinds of people which will prove to be very helpful in his future. And ofcourse, he will get to appreciate what people term as the “college experience”.
Factors Influencing the Choice of College Course
A thesis entitled “Factors Affecting the Choice of Mass Communication as a Course Preference among Mass Comm students in Cebu City” by Carla Camille Faustino Basa-Martinez and Ordinah Navasquez Sagun (2002) aimed to determine the factors that may have influenced the course preference of Mass Comm students in Cebu City. The study was done in four universities that are offering the stated course. The proponents randomly selected 20 first year students from every school. Through the study, the proponents have noted that most of them took up Mass Comm not because they like it but mainly because they were not yet certain as to what course they really want to take up. It is also their way to still go to school even while they are still undecided. Others take it because they think it would be easy for them because of their capabilities inclined with the course. The economic factors have the least weight that influence the course preference of Mass Comm students in Cebu City.
According to Paulma (1992) in her doctorate thesis entitled “The Personal Factors Influencing Enrollment Decisions of College Entrants in Tertiary Institutions, DECS-Region X”, there are “personal as well as institutional factors” that the upcoming College students are considering in making plans for College.
Paulma (1992) also stated that in public colleges, students are more influenced by the institutional factors than those who are from the private colleges. One example of this institutional factor is the “employment opportunities after graduation”. Also, the decision making for the choice of course by public colleges students are greatly influenced by the opinion of their parents. The “prestige or reputation” of the college is generally taken into consideration in the decision making stage. Moreover, the “curricular programs or offerings” ranked number one in the top eleven institutional factors that are important in this stage.
According to Reynolds (2010), many college students base their choice of course on the “requirements, practicalities, and personal bent”. Students may pick courses that they might find easy. Others also take a specific course depending on who their future professors may be because they look into the characteristics that they want their professors to have. He also believes that the General Education subjects matter as well as the course needed for the specialization of the student. In addition, some take a specific course that will be of great help to them when they finally get a graduate course. He also mentioned that some of them are only forced to take certain because of the availability of the schedule. Lastly and most importantly, he also thinks that many students choose their course because of personal interest. They choose their courses because it is related to their personal interests.
Reynolds (2010) added that few of the factors which students claim to have influenced their college preference are career opportunities, the varying techniques to teaching and learning in particular courses and universities, satisfaction and feeling of fulfillment and above all, quality education. However, the socio-economic status and gender of applicants’ do not show a distinguishable relationship to their choice of courses. A certain relationship among these factors are only determined in the behaviors of the applicants in this particular field of study.
In the website of Higher Education Research (2010), the students engaged in the same fields of study also have the same factors which they claim to have influenced their decision-making. This only goes to show that a particular college course has a unitary factor that college applicants find most important in the process of choosing their college degree.
Furthermore, the website of Higher Education Research (2010) claimed that in the field of Business and Engineering, for instance, the applicants are more specific in the employment rates of this particular field of study. The applicants in the Arts and Sciences however, do not share the same consideration. Twenty-six percent of Business applicants rated the importance of opportunities for flexible study as a strong or very strong influence on their college choice. Whereas only eight percent of engineering applicants rated this as a strong or very strong influence with theirs. The employers are also a factor which appears to be very essential to the Business college applicants. They are concerned with what their future employers might think of their college course, possibly because this will grant them job opportunities and successful investments. This is evidently a strong or a very strong influence on Business applicants having reached seventy-one percent compared to the meager forty-nine percent of those students enrolled in the field of sciences. Education applicants, however, rely on their high-end transcript to get them through college. Health applicants indicate the satisfaction of graduates from the course as a very influential factor with regards to their course preference than those who belong in any other field. Therefore, the factors which have influenced the course preference of college students are varied according to the particular field of study they are engaged. There is a clear implication that the priorities of one subgroup differs from another because their diverse interests, values and emphases are also taken into account.
In the research conducted by The College Board Art and Science Group (2000), students were asked to rate the factors which were most important in their college application and enrollment decisions. The factors important to their parents were also taken into account. Academic quality garnered eighty-four percent of the over-all ratings and was classified by the students and their parents as very important in their decision-making. Affordability factors also garnered very high ratings which only confirmed that financial concerns are very much important to students. The research found out that the importance of an affordable education has risen dramatically over the years. Infact, it nearly reached up to forty percent in 2007, breaking the record in thirty-five years. It has indeed become an ordeal which is most likely evident nowadays compared to the past millennia. Good social activities also became a major factor which influenced college choice. It climbed up to thirty-seven percent in 2007, putting it next to affordability concerns in choosing a college degree.
Economic Status
According to the website of Business Researchers Network (2003), the society is divided into socio-economic class. This is determined by the family income, parental education level, parental occupation, and social status in the community such as contacts within the community, group associations, and the community’s perception of the family. Typically, families with high socio-economic status are more capable of sending their children to good schools and enroll in whichever further degree they desire. They are more exposed to a wide range of choices and possibilities in order to meet the kind of education they would prefer. They also have access to healthcare and are equipped with the information on the social, emotional and cognitive aspects of their children. More so, their children are more knowledgeable when it comes to the basics of learning because those with high socio-economic status have easier access to quality education than others. On the other hand, families who have low socio-economic status are less capable of acquiring quality and standard education for their children. They are less equipped with knowledge on healthcare due to limited resources in the community. Their children are more likely to choose a school or college that is within their economic means as to meet the financial demands of their education.
As further implied in the website of the North Central Regional Educational Laboratory (NCREL) (1995), the socioeconomic status is determined by the “family income, parental education level, parental occupation, and social status in the community”. Families with higher status in the community are said to have more capabilities in rearing their children to have a good education because they have the resources needed for the development of the children. They can also provide their children with the things that will help nourish them. In the same way, these parents will really seek information to help them get ready the kids for school. On the other hand, families who have lower economic status will have a hard time to support the education of the child financially, economically and other support that parents from the higher class can provide. The parents who are members of the lower class may not have the capabilities to join their children while doing school works. They may not have the knowledge regarding “childhood immunizations and nutrition” that are very much vital in the child’s development.
According to Maiese (2004), social status is the “degree of honor or prestige attached to one's position in society”. It is also associated with the capabilities of individuals to hold on certain beliefs or principles which are vital in the society. The social roles are distinguished as to what are the important cultures that are existing in the society are.
Maiese (2004) also believes that sometimes, the inequality in position and wealth may dominate so much that the people may go along with it without being aware. However, when there is resistance, “social conflict results”. “Domination conflicts” may be perceived depending on who higher or lower positions in terms of the socioeconomic or political power. The conflicts may occur between individuals, groups of people or within a country. Those who have high status are said to have more authority and privilege over other people who have low status. The former’s ideals, principles, feelings and the like are often given more weight of importance. There is also a sort of stereo typing when it comes to the services offered in the society like the resources, health services, education and job opportunities. Some give these benefits just relying on the “skin color, gender, or ones profession”. There are really different factors that will determine the social position of the people in the society. These include “individual's race, ethnicity, gender, age, skin color, economic class, caste, religious sect, and regional grouping”. However, there are still more factors aside from those mentioned. The labeling of who really are superior in a certain society depends on the norms that they follow. People have the tendency to mark other people according to their own perception or standards.
According to Havighurst and Taba (1949), having a social class in our society is evident. Most of the people are aware that they have a place in the social scale. These are labeled as the upper, lower, and the middle class.
In the website of Travel Documents System (1996), it was stated that even though there is only little impact on those who have high economic class with regards to meeting the family’s basic needs, some of them are still prone to experiencing the effects of a poverty-driven society. Those who have incomes below fifty percent of the country’s average income are those that belong to the lower economic class. He also stated that relative poverty is greater when more of the country’s income amasses among the ten percent highest earners and most citizens have income further below these salaries.
According to Kephart and Jedlicka (1991) social class really plays a role in the way a family lives but no matter what, generally, “the higher the status”, the more comfortable the life of a family gets. However, there are also exemptions to this. Even some lower-class feel more blessed than other members of the higher-class. On the other hand, a few wealthy people also feel unfavorable because of the consequences they face because of their riches, but in most cases, stability of income and good educational background are vital factors for a prosperous marriage and a family life.
Furthermore, the website of Travel Documents System (1996) emphasized that the economic status in the Philippines has a major implication in such a way that the Philippine economy is unstable and partly relies in the world market. In this case, the Filipino people comprise a great portion of the lower class. And only a small portion of the population is filled up by the higher class citizens.
Economic Status and the Choice of Course
In the study conducted by Weinger (2000) on Economic Status: Middle Class and Poor Children’s Views, he insisted that it was essential to determine the socio-economic background of the students. This was obtained through the highest educational level reached by their parents. With this, the study found out that socio-economic background does not seem to affect the reasons of the students in choosing a college. However, there are some comparisons which can be derived from the preference of the higher class and the lower class. But over all, these comparisons are not very significant to their decision-making. The prestige of the university and the social and cultural activities in the campus were determined to be more of a concern to those who belong to the higher class than those who do not. On the other hand, the lower class has more pressing factors to consider. They are more focused on into the greater number of opportunities, the use of information technology, the availability of rental housing and the accessibility from home. These factors pertain to the fact that those who belong to the lower status quo have more concerns as to the choice of college than those who belong to the higher status quo. These findings suggest that for those who do not have cultural capital, the capability to comply their basic needs is more important than their choice of college.
The thesis on The Effects of Economic Disadvantaged Status and Secondary Vocational Education on Adolescent Work Experience and Post-Secondary Aspirations by Rojewski (1997) emphasizes that the disadvantaged economic status of high school graduates is a major factor that influences their choice of degree program in college in this case, vocational degree programs. The research showed that students who belong to the higher economic class were more likely to be employed than those who belong to the lower side of the spectrum. This is primarily because those who were enrolled in a standard vocational program in college mostly belong to the higher class. It is evident that only the higher class can afford a standard vocational education than those who belong to the lower class. This poses a great impact on the employment rate of those with high means of living than those who do not. The findings of this study on the relationship of a disadvantaged economic status and choice of vocational education of high school students could be useful in making education accessible even to those who rely on limited resources. Education is a free right therefore, it should be regarded with equity and fairness despite the differences posed by economic classes.