briones, fernandez

1. give a background about (on) network
2. It (what? Researchers?) also seeks..
3. “Today’s economy offers us many challenges especially if we’re looking for a new job, trying to sell a home or wanting to obtain fresh business”. (para or page?)
4. It is a novel way to make (check word)
5. It’s (spell out) a very relaxing..
6. There are two business models used in network marketing namely marketing; namely: )
7. Saying no to a family member is hard, so this leads one to join just to protect the relationship. (Manalel et al., 2007). (erase period after relationship)
8. “In Network Marketing everyone is the CEO of his or her own independent organization”. (page or para)
9. The networking business does not only offer people help financially (check wording,confusing)
10. It has been stated that (where? By what/who?)
11. According to Matt Brooks, “The most important value in business is the relationships that are built. Customers, clients, vendors, and colleagues all shape the relationships within a business” (2010). (year should follow the author.page after the quote)
12. ven if you have less experiences or with low grades, this business could help you through. However, you have to do best in your networking since you have to make a good impression to your connections. (point of view consistency)
13. Student jobs are popular nowadays because it helps (subject verb agreement)
14. student jobs do not just help pay for tuition fees but also gives (subject verb agreement)
15. It has been said that working gets in the way of the students performance, but studies show (what and whose studies?generalizing)
16. This implies that there is more to it than just having the brains and acing the exams, academic success (semi colon instead of comma since they are both independent clauses)
17. According to Joshi (2010), “The student experience brings newfound responsibilities like keeping good grades, living on your own and balancing a budget which can be very stressful”. (para or page)
18. Over 60 percent of college students report that their parents (in which place?)
19. When a student becomes concerned on (of)
20. he/she becomes more distracted compared to (than instead of compared to) ordinary students.
21. “The extent of student’s learning in academics may be determined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning has been done.” (page or para)
22. According to Felicidad Cesar Hiramis (2005) “in education, of one hundred school age children, only twelve graduate in tertiary education and only one is employed.” (which place, locale?)
23. Studying and working at the same time puts pressure on someone. (on working students)
24. Students who work more or less 15 to 20 hours a week can cause dropping out of students. (word student repeated )
25. skills that can help the student cope up with (omit up)
26. “While it is important that you enjoy your social life to the fullest and such possibilities won’t come again in the future, it is equally important that you devote your time for academic purposes.” (page or para)
Beginning college is an exciting step toward a brighter future. Most teenagers expect it to be an exciting and fun adventure in their life, but worry about how to keep up with all those homework assignments. There are simple ways to keep up with studying and homework, but it takes dedication. It’s not really hard to keep up your grades, but you have to dedicate yourself to school and worry less about working full-time and partying. (Para or page?)

27. Thus, to attain success, know what your goal is. (why are you instructing here?)
28. Thus, to attain success, know what your goal is. It is called goal setting (Latham & Locke, 2002). College is very different compared to high school. It is much more difficult to attain success in studies. (college is a different idea.why join it here?)
29. These are the most common poor college study habits. One is poor attendance, the poor note taking skills and another is no time management skill. Last minute work, procrastination, failure to read directions, over-reliance on other students, plagiarism, and failure to ask for help are other examples of poor study habits of college students (Gladen, 2008). “Studying is a skill” (Mayland Community College, 2002). It is a skill needed in order to be successful in college. This skill needs to be acquired, practice and improved before you become successful. The study habits of high school can no longer be used in college since college and high school are so much different. According to Mayland Community College, “Good study habits include many different skills: time management, self-discipline, concentration, memorization, organization, and effort. Desire to succeed is important, too” (2002). (these will become unnecessary in this chapter if you do not relate it to students having part-time jobs, that these are possible effects of having a job will studying)
30. Procrastination is setting aside the things you should do. It is a very common bad habit of most students (Schraw, Wadkins, & Olfason, 2007). This can be a hindrance to your success and could cause harm to your studies. The most common reasons why you procrastinate are looking for the right mood and looking for the right time (Burka, 2008). This suggests that people tend to do tasks based on a mood and what usually comes first is the task that gives out maximum happiness. Studying, for most people, takes effort and is taxing which is why for some students, it is at the bottom of the list (Bryner, 2007). In a study conducted by Moheed Akinsola, Adedeji Tella, and Adeyinka Tella (2007), there is a negative correlation between academic performance and the level of academic procrastination. This reveals that procrastinating can have an impact one’s studies. (delete.not relevant anymore)
31. Being a working student and as well as joining is one of the hardest part in a life of a college student. Why? Because aside from studying your lessons, making your homework and assignment, listening to your instructors and professors and making your project, you have another assignment which other normal student’s don’t. The reason why there are a lot of students who would want to apply as a working student is that the school answers the tuition fee of the working student. That is why I also entered into this kind of job. (para or page?)
32. In fact, studies show that “grades tend to improve the more hours a student works during a week, but the improvement levels off if one works more than 20 hours per week” (2008). (whose studies? Where is this situated?)
33. Greg Shuey (2008) adds (tense consistency)
34. No synthesis of the review and no establishment of the connection between the reviewed studies/sources and your own study

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

Students often feel the need to earn money in order to pay for school fees, support his/her family or meet one’s needs. This pushes the students to look for jobs that would allow them to work while they study. This chapter expounds on the studies related to this research about the effects of networking business on the studies of college students in Metro Cebu. In order to give the readers an idea why network marketing is very popular to college working students, the researchers give a background about network marketing and its advantages and disadvantages. It also seeks to explain the different variables that affect one’s studies such as time management, study habits, grades, completion of school requirements and attendance.

According to Matthew Keegan (2010), “Today’s economy offers us many challenges especially if we’re looking for a new job, trying to sell a home or wanting to obtain fresh business”. Being traditional in this modern world of business keeps you back and gives you little competitive advantage. Being innovative and more dynamic gives you an edge, which is probably why network marketing became popular.

Network Marketing, otherwise known as networking, is a method of marketing that utilizes independent representatives to reach potential customers that a company otherwise would not reach with traditional methods (Burks, 2010). It is a novel way to make business by selling products and recruiting other people. This creates a cycle of people selling and recruiting, thus helping each one earn a commission for each product one coworker sells. It’s a very relaxing way to make money because when one person gets tired of selling and recruiting, he/she would still earn because of his or her coworkers. In other words, one has no choice but to earn. This idea leads the business to flourish, inviting thousands of people in (Poe, 1994).

The business wherein people construct a “mutually beneficial relationship with other business people and potential clients and/or customers” (Ward, n.d.) is called Business Networking. It is not to be labeled as “meet-and-greet events” since it defeats the purpose of business opportunities. This business is an interaction amongst various types of people who are bound together in the same field having the same goal. Its objective is not only to earn money, but it also enhances the communication and entrepreneurship skills of the person. The most essential thing that is proven useful in business networking is listening. Hence, this skill is the key to a flourishing business.

The World Federation of Direct Selling Associations defined network marketing, also known as multilevel marketing, structure marketing or multilevel direct selling, as a kind of direct selling business which focuses greatly on the reward one gets from personal sales as well as their down lines (Manalel, Mathews, & Zacharias, 2007). This creates an environment of people working together in order to get what all of them want. Distributors can choose to sell products at a higher price in order to make more money. Every month, each one receives a commission for every product he or she sells as well as the people he or she recruits. “The multiplying effect on network marketing will expand when these distributors continue their recruiting or sponsoring efforts” (Manalel et al., 2007). There are two business models used in network marketing namely the sunflower and the pyramid. In the sunflower model, also known as the unilevel model, the person can develop as many nodes while in the pyramid level, otherwise known as the binary model, a person can only recruit two people, who would also do the same. There is exploitation of relationships in network marketing. People join because of the influence of their family and peers, and the pressure that they put on one’s shoulders. Saying no to a family member is hard, so this leads one to join just to protect the relationship. (Manalel et al., 2007).

For years now, direct marketing has been used by different businesses to target customers without hurting their bank accounts. Now, network marketers have taken this further not only doing direct selling but recruiting new people, a method made famous by the company, Amway, in the 1950s. Greg Stewart (2010) pointed out that “In Network Marketing everyone is the CEO of his or her own independent organization”. Probably the best thing about network marketing is being able to earn even without doing anything because of the commission paid not only for direct sales made by the salesperson but also from the sales made by those he recruited. This attracts a lot of people from different walks of life.

Unfortunately, some consumers have not been very happy about direct selling and network marketing organizations pointing out the aggressive selling techniques, exaggerations of facts in recruiting, pyramiding scams and unethical way of exploiting relationships as the reason for all the negative remarks (Manalel et al., 2007). Despite this, network marketing is still one of the most sought after jobs because networks are merely people sharing thoughts and information.


Back then, people did not know much about the networking business. Network Marketing used to be a business joined only by young adults, mostly men and a few women (Reid & Plank, 2004). Today, it has evolved into a moneymaking business joined by college students in order to earn extra money. Network Marketing is a very efficient way for a college student to earn because it involves time freedom, allowing one to set his or her own work hours. In the networking business, he or she can still make school works while earning money.

The networking business does not only offer people help financially but socially as well. It has been stated that there is indeed an exploitation of relationships, which sometimes destroys the bond but there are also cases wherein relationships are alright, sometimes even better. While one is in the networking business, he or she learns a lot of skills that one can use outside the business. Being able to manage one’s time, being patient, being respectful are only a few of the skills one can develop while doing network marketing (Dwyer & Tanner, 2006). Effective networking takes time. It is about constructing rapport with people who can help in your business. One has to gain their “trust, confidence and loyalty” (Misner, 2007).

According to Matt Brooks, “The most important value in business is the relationships that are built. Customers, clients, vendors, and colleagues all shape the relationships within a business” (2010). This implies that it is essential that you take care of the relationships you had established with other people. Having a good connection can lead to a successful business. Mike Bourne and Pippa Bourne (2009) said, “Networking is about establishing groups of contacts that will add value to your business and career. It is a two-way process in which you must give to receive” (p.58). This suggests that it is essential to create strong relationships since it will help you improve your business. Business networking is about building relationships with people who may or may not need what you have to sell (Helbig, 2010). It means that business networking is not just about selling products. It is mainly about establishing connections to people. The major reason of quitting in business is isolation and loneliness (Gerrish, 2005). Being isolated keeping yourself away from others will not help in this business.

People engage in business to obviously get a job and earn money. Networking is the way to get a desirable job. Even if you have less experiences or with low grades, this business could help you through. However, you have to do best in your networking since you have to make a good impression to your connections. Remember, this is a “two-way process” (Aquire, n.d.).

People go through years of education to get a decent career. According to the U.S. Department of Education, “half of all full time undergraduates and 81% of part time undergraduates are employed while enrolled in college” (Knudsvig, 2011). Student jobs have been in style for quite some time because more and more teenagers are choosing to work while studying. Bailey Shoemaker Richards (2010) refers to it as the 'Earn and Learn' policy. Student jobs are popular nowadays because it helps students pay for their school fees and other things they might want. Although the idea of simultaneously working and studying is quite demanding, there are a lot of options that students can choose from such as a campus job, putting up an online shop or network marketing. Reasons for opting to be a working student range from “creating a good bio data, developing a good reference list or learning better time management skills” (Tessin, 2008). Student jobs do not just help pay for tuition fees but also gives students a bigger chance of getting a good job after graduation. Nowadays, work is more of a necessity for students rather than a choice (Perna & Dubois, 2010).

It has been said that working gets in the way of the students performance, but studies show that working students achieve more in their respective classes compared to those who are not working. It might be because they are already used to the pressure that their bosses give them, so when it comes to school, they know how to handle difficult situations. There is also a possibility that working students possess one skill that every student is required to have, time management (Orszag, Orszag, & Whitmore, 2001). This implies that there is more to it than just having the brains and acing the exams, academic success is achieved by knowing how to manage one’s time. Acquiring this skill saves one from being on school arrest for failing to complete one’s schoolwork while his or her classmates are enjoying their free time.

The main essence of managing time is that one should sort out events ahead of time. The most appropriate time of planning a schedule is at the start of the day, when one is at a fresh state. The most important thing to do when planning is to set one’s priorities according to significance and urgency (Covey, 1990). This is very useful in both business and in school. There has been a misconception among students that time management is a compulsive way of planning every minute of the day leaving students no time to rest and have fun. In reality, time management involves being able to plan a day in an organized manner giving time for work as well as leisure. For working students, time management helps one deal with problems in school and work in an efficient way. “Developing time management skills does involve scheduling, but time management is more about individual responsibility” (Richards, 2010).

Students say that working a part time job affects their grades. The majority of post-secondary students in Canada (57 per cent) say they plan to work during the school year in order to help pay the bills. Three-quarters of students in Canada (77 per cent) believe working part-time during school will impact their grades, while six-in-10 expect to graduate with debt and 74 per cent don’t use a budget (Royal Bank of Canada, 2010). According to Joshi (2010), “The student experience brings newfound responsibilities like keeping good grades, living on your own and balancing a budget which can be very stressful”. She adds that if students would change their habits and save properly, they will have fewer working hours, therefore, having more time to study and have fun.

The financial conflicts due to the amount of money needed for a college education have affected many families. Nowadays, families are forced to find ways to support the education of their kids. Sources prove that due to the struggle of financing for one’s tuition, students are pushed to work while studying. Over 60 percent of college students report that their parents now expect them to work during the school year to help cover expenses (Orszag et al., 2001). When a student becomes concerned on how he/she is going to continue with his/her education, he/she becomes more distracted compared to ordinary students. Distraction can hamper one’s focus and it can affect a student’s capacity to learn. According to Bangongon and Edpalina (2009), “The extent of student’s learning in academics may be determined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning has been done.” Before, people thought that learning of the student is measured through her grades. If his/her grades are high, he/she has learned a lot. If he/she has low grades, then he/she did not learn much; however, there are still some factors that can affect the student’s study habits such as age, gender, environment and many more.

According to Felicidad Cesar Hiramis (2005) “in education, of one hundred school age children, only twelve graduate in tertiary education and only one is employed.” This can cause disappointment to most of the college graduates since they thought that their college diploma is the key to high paying jobs and a better life to the families. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) states that only 50% of working students get to finish studying college (Sembrano, 2010). This is due to their lack of funds, health problems, and mostly because they cannot focus on their studies. Studying and working at the same time puts pressure on someone. It is important to learn to balance one’s time.


Students who work more or less 15 to 20 hours a week can cause dropping out of students. Working longer could decrease the student’s capacity from mingling with friends, building their interests and many more. Thus, it can lead to an unsuccessful student life (Orszag et al., 2001). Several college students find time-management very hard to do. Aside from the subjects, time management is one of the most difficult things to do. All a student needs are strong management skills that can help the student cope up with his/her assignments, projects, long exams and the like. College can be the best moment for most of people. It is the time when one gets to enjoy life. According to Jane Sheeba (n.d.), “While it is important that you enjoy your social life to the fullest and such possibilities won’t come again in the future, it is equally important that you devote your time for academic purposes.” This means that a student should not only focus on one side. He/she must know how to balance both academic and social aspects in order to enjoy college life. Engle (n.d.) explained:

Beginning college is an exciting step toward a brighter future. Most teenagers expect it to be an exciting and fun adventure in their life, but worry about how to keep up with all those homework assignments. There are simple ways to keep up with studying and homework, but it takes dedication. It’s not really hard to keep up your grades, but you have to dedicate yourself to school and worry less about working full-time and partying.

People who are flourishing think of the things they want and what they want to achieve. On the other hand, those unproductive people are those who only think of what they do not want to happen. Thus, to attain success, know what your goal is. It is called goal setting (Latham & Locke, 2002). College is very different compared to high school. It is much more difficult to attain success in studies. These are the most common poor college study habits. One is poor attendance, the poor note taking skills and another is no time management skill. Last minute work, procrastination, failure to read directions, over-reliance on other students, plagiarism, and failure to ask for help are other examples of poor study habits of college students (Gladen, 2008). “Studying is a skill” (Mayland Community College, 2002). It is a skill needed in order to be successful in college. This skill needs to be acquired, practice and improved before you become successful. The study habits of high school can no longer be used in college since college and high school are so much different. According to Mayland Community College, “Good study habits include many different skills: time management, self-discipline, concentration, memorization, organization, and effort. Desire to succeed is important, too” (2002).

Procrastination is setting aside the things you should do. It is a very common bad habit of most students (Schraw, Wadkins, & Olfason, 2007). This can be a hindrance to your success and could cause harm to your studies. The most common reasons why you procrastinate are looking for the right mood and looking for the right time (Burka, 2008). This suggests that people tend to do tasks based on a mood and what usually comes first is the task that gives out maximum happiness. Studying, for most people, takes effort and is taxing which is why for some students, it is at the bottom of the list (Bryner, 2007). In a study conducted by Moheed Akinsola, Adedeji Tella, and Adeyinka Tella (2007), there is a negative correlation between academic performance and the level of academic procrastination. This reveals that procrastinating can have an impact one’s studies.

There have been many implications on what can affect a student’s academic performance and these go back to the idea of being a working student. According to Clawid (2008),


Being a working student and as well as joining is one of the hardest part in a life of a college student. Why? Because aside from studying your lessons, making your homework and assignment, listening to your instructors and professors and making your project, you have another assignment which other normal student’s don’t. The reason why there are a lot of students who would want to apply as a working student is that the school answers the tuition fee of the working student. That is why I also entered into this kind of job.

Usually, people have this impression that “more hours jobs take out of the students weekly schedules, the worse students will do in their classes.” (Shuey, 2008) However, this is a fallacy. In fact, studies show that “grades tend to improve the more hours a student works during a week, but the improvement levels off if one works more than 20 hours per week” (2008). Not only are working students likely to gain better grades but they also acquire better jobs. It also comes handy after graduation when fresh graduates flock to high-paying companies. Greg Shuey (2008) adds that “when an employment position comes down to several candidates with the same educational qualifications, employers are more inclined to hire the graduate who has work place experience”. Having a taste of the real life while attending school gives a positive impression to the employer that you are trustworthy and eligible for the position.

It has been stated that students can work as employees or they can engage in business. Network marketing is the fad today for most students because it allows them to be in control and be their own boss. Their time as businessmen is flexible thus giving adequate time for their academic life. To be an effective and efficient working student one has to have time management skills and have the ability to balance both sides. Yes, working as a student can be very beneficial but the question still remains whether being a working student can affect the integral part of that identity---being a student.