denila, muralla

1. lack beginning paragraph detailing how you organized this chapter
2. . 57 percent of the world’s population( do not begin a sentence with a number.spell out)
3. According to the Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) (year?)
4. 86 percent of piped-water supply also use groundwater. (refer to no. 2 correction)
5. It’s notable that the Philippines is very rich in Water resource (lower case water)
There are 412 principal river basins in 119 proclaimed watersheds. Out of these, there are only 19 considered major river basins. The longest is the Cagayan found in the Cagayan Region. Others are the Agno and Pampanga in Central Luzon; Pasig, which is flowing in the center of Metro Manila; and the Bicol of Region V which is it’s principal river. Rio Grande de Mindanao serves as Mindanao’s primary river. (source of this? Always cite source)

6. experiencing a shortage of water supply during the dry season.” (para. 6)

Rosalinda Garcia-Yangas and Delia Cecilia Ochoa Unson’s (transition from one paragraph to another?
6. Rosalinda Garcia-Yangas and Delia Cecilia Ochoa Unson’s (year?)
7. always italize titles of books and thesis. Put in quotation marks titles of journals and articles
8. This was the time of President Fidel Ramos (weak, change was with intransitive verb)
With this, it is now easy to afford sanitation facilities for good water quality. (p.298) (author?)

9. In the (start with The book and italicize the title) book Water-Resource Development: The Economics of Project Evaluation authored by Otto Eckstein (1958), it (remove it) stressed
10. will always exceed the number for which funds can actually be made available.” (p.15) (period should be placed after the parenthesis)
11. IRIN News, (year?) a Humanitarian news and analysis which is a service of the UN Office..
12. Rationing this, water supply hit the poor the hardest for they only depend on the water supplied by the Maynilad. This unusual low of water supply level also resulted in 127,00 hectares of rice paddies not being irrigated sufficiently, and lowering production on Luzon ( which also resulted to a financial loss of some 600 Million Pesos to 1.14 Billion Pesos). These results are equivalent to the needs of the country during the experienced shortages which is 400,00 metric tonnes of Rice. It had also been noted that though supply of water are sufficient for consumption at the moment, it does not mean "shortages would ruled out". (citation of source?)
13. Water shortages are not just prevalent in Luzon, but also to (in) other parts of the archipelago.
14. According to E. Segura (1985) on A Survey on the Knowledgeability and Opinions of Barangay Captains on the Operations of the Metro Cebu Water District in its service area that it has been learned that during night time, elevated areas are reached by water supply as told by MCWD, and that 10 out of the 90 barangay captains (consuming from the said water district) attested to such. (p.23) (“according…”should be followed with a subject not “that it has been” revise. Another thing, is this how you review a thesis? Just one paragraph?
15. no ending paragraph synthesizing the review
16. Did you cite ADB and De Leon? Why put them in Biblio. Cite De Leon when you mentioned the articles of the constitution.
17. Thesis/research materials are lacking and not thoroughly reviewed.



Chapter II

Review of Related Literature



The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) have issued a 2010 update regarding Water Supply and Sanitation entitled Progress on sanitation and drinking-water – 2010 Update. This provides latest development with regards to drinking water and sanitation which is one of the goals of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (UN MDG) for 2015. It also provides the implication of the trends of the newly obtained data for reaching the 2015 goal of providing basic sanitation and safe drinking water.

With regards to water, WHO.net (2010) has found out that 87 percent of the world population living in developing countries are able to use drinking water from safer and improved source. 57 percent of the world’s population, obtain their drinking water from a piped connection that provides running water in their houses. WHO.net also cited that:

“60 percent of the population in Sub-Saharan African and 50 per cent of the population in Oceania use improved sources of drinking-water. In China, 89 percent of the population of 1.3 billion has access to drinking-water from improved sources, up from 67 percent in 1990. In India, 88 percent of the population of 1.2 billion has access, as compared to 72 per cent in 1990.” (para 4)


The report of the WHO.net found great increase in the number of people living around the world who have access to safer and improved source of water. But, this is just a general report to show that the Millennium Development Goal on safe and improved water source would see to be achieved.

The Regalian Doctrine, which was adopted by our 1987 Philippine Constitution by virtue of Article XII: Section 2, holds that all minerals including all water resources of the nation belongs to the State and that the exploration, development, and utilization shall be under the control and supervision of the State. Section 1 in the same article also stipulates that it is the duty of the State to have equitable distribution of the nation’s wealth as well as in the delivery of basic services to the people. In line with this, the government should make water resources management projects compatible and responsive to the needs of the people.


According to the Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA), 50 percent of people living in the Philippines use groundwater for drinking. 86 percent of piped-water supply also use groundwater. And since 2002, based on the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) , 49 percent of the total groundwater resource is used up by the domestic sector. The other 51 percent is shared by agriculture, industry and other sectors. This water resource contributes 14 percent of the total water resource potential of this country.

It’s notable that the Philippines is very rich in Water resource because of its being an archipelago. There are 412 principal river basins in 119 proclaimed watersheds. Out of these, there are only 19 considered major river basins. The longest is the Cagayan found in the Cagayan Region. Others are the Agno and Pampanga in Central Luzon; Pasig, which is flowing in the center of Metro Manila; and the Bicol of Region V which is it’s principal river. Rio Grande de Mindanao serves as Mindanao’s primary river.

But last 2003, WEPA, in their overview of the water resources of the Philippines, also included that accessibility to clean and sufficient water is still a problem to the rural and coastal areas. This even extends to the four urban regions of the National Capital Region, Central Visayas, Central Luzon, and Southern Luzon. It had been also monitored by the Government that:

“just over a third or 36 percent of the country’s river systems are classified as sources of public water supply: Up to 58 percent of groundwater sampled is contaminated with coliform and needs treatment; Approximately 31 percent of illness monitored for a five-year period were caused by water-borne sources; and Many areas are experiencing a shortage of water supply during the dry season.” (para. 6)



Rosalinda Garcia-Yangas and Delia Cecilia Ochoa Unson’s theoretical research about The Social Soundness of Improving the Water Supply System in Five Provincial Cities assessed the sociocultural feasibility of the LWUA (Local Water Utilities Administration) project and determined the possible social benefit and consequences of the project on the residents. The primary concern of the research is to define the social environment on which the LWUA project would operate. The study tackled on five provincial cities based on somewhat likely the same characteristics as of the city of Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, San Pablo, and Tacloban. The research found out that these places experienced waterborne diseases and there is a need for improvements in their water supply system. It also listed obstacles for the success of the project and some of which are the following: concern over the increase in the cost of water under this new system, many political officials and citizens show little concern over the inadequacy of the water supply, and different people with vested interest in the existing system are likely to oppose this action. The solutions to these are to promote awareness among the residents and to mobilize them to do their own responsibility in order to make such water supply accessible and enjoyed for one and all.

In order to eradicate waterborne diseases and to have a reliable water supply, one needs adequate sanitation facilities. In the book by Howsam and Carter (1996) entitled Water Policy: Allocation and Management in Practice, Martin researched about the status of Philippines at present in terms of water resources development. He says that the government initiated a plan that needs the private sector participation (PSP) in water following the great advantages of the privatization of power production. He explains that there are two major problems the private sectors see as to doubt the sustainability of the project. First, the country’s risk is high including natural disasters. And second, water privatization is more complex than power privatization. This was the time of President Fidel Ramos when he encouraged private investors for the privatization of the basic services. With this, it is now easy to afford sanitation facilities for good water quality. (p.298)

Going back to the time of President Ferdinand Marcos, Presidential Decree 1067 commonly known as “The Water Code of the Philippines” (1976) was made that listed all the provisions needed for the proper management and implementation of water resource as well as all other purpose. Article 10 in the code states the uses of water for different purposes including domestic, municipal, irrigation, power generation, fisheries, livestock raising, industrial purposes, and recreational purposes. These uses served as basis for what kind of water resource project should be made. Article 72 entails that when a water resource project is proposed, ecological changes must be considered upon implementing the project “in order to balance the needs of development and the protection of the environment”.

But before the water resource projects are to be implemented, there is a need for evaluation standards. In the book Water-Resource Development: The Economics of Project Evaluation authored by Otto Eckstein (1958), it stressed that is worth evaluating the standards first of the project before it would take in effect. “The number of projects which local interests and the agencies might desire to build in any period will always exceed the number for which funds can actually be made available.” (p.15) Setting a criterion for water resource projects to be met is essential in order to have a better quality of these standards. It is said there that for two decades, water resource projects have been evaluated through benefit-cost criterion which analyzes the ratio between benefits and costs. It is vital for choosing the best project to be constructed with greater benefits and lesser costs.

With all this information that the government could hold, we still experience insufficiency of accessible and safe water supply in our country. IRIN News, a Humanitarian news and analysis which is a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, have reported that last 2007, there was an unusual low supply of water supply level due to the unexpected seasons. The main source of water in the Greater Manila Area, which is the Angat Dam, had on the verge of critical when the meter level goes down to 199 meters.

Rationing this, water supply hit the poor the hardest for they only depend on the water supplied by the Maynilad. This unusual low of water supply level also resulted in 127,00 hectares of rice paddies not being irrigated sufficiently, and lowering production on Luzon ( which also resulted to a financial loss of some 600 Million Pesos to 1.14 Billion Pesos). These results are equivalent to the needs of the country during the experienced shortages which is 400,00 metric tonnes of Rice. It had also been noted that though supply of water are sufficient for consumption at the moment, it does not mean "shortages would ruled out".

Water shortages are not just prevalent in Luzon, but also to other parts of the archipelago. According to E. Segura (1985) on A Survey on the Knowledgeability and Opinions of Barangay Captains on the Operations of the Metro Cebu Water District in its service area that it has been learned that during night time, elevated areas are reached by water supply as told by MCWD, and that 10 out of the 90 barangay captains (consuming from the said water district) attested to such. (p.23)