padata, sangutan

1. discussion on Junquera in connection with other topics or issues (such as prostitution and business…. Remove which will be until namely) which will be tackled in the study, namely, prostitution and business activities that are taking place in the said area.
2. At the last part of this review, (In the last part…)
3. Mojares (1997) notes that “Teatro Junquera” was named after Gen. Inoncencio Junquera and was finished on 1895. On Dec. 16, 1896, the Cebuanos initiated Spanish play in honor of the abovementioned general before he left. It was on April 19, 1896 that the theater was formally inaugurated (wikipedia.org). (you did not put 1997 in Mojares entry in biblio; you did not have wikipedia entry in biblio and year)
4. At present, Junquera passes through the modern streets branching the main Colon Street: Sanciangko, P. del Rosario, R.R. Landon, and F. Ramos. (p. 9) (author? Year? Period should be after the parenthesis)
5. Unfortunately, not all of these changes yield positive impact to (on) the
6. However, other writers would also note that some (of) these
7. As explained on (in) the previous paragraph…
8. many of these “changes to the social structure and culture of Cebuanos” destroys (subject verb agreement) the
9. he three authors mentioned above came (tense consistency)
10. Cebu and the rest of the Philippine archipelago are not exempted of (from) this matter (change matter with an appropriate word)
11. Meanwhile, certain factors both environmental and social influence the existence and growth of this kind of enterprise. (comma before environmenta and after social)
12. Jeffreys (2009) notes that Clark Air Force Base paved (the) way
13. When the Americans left, "there was a hiatus in the sex industry in the city" but Australian entrepreneurs and sex tourists revived it later. A considerable number of nightclubs and entertainment spots for prostitution were owned and managed by Australians (p. 132). (where is the ending quotation?)
14. xplain that “Colon Street, being the oldest street in the country named after Cristobal Colon, is just among the major thoroughfares where standing women during nighttime could be found (p. 2). (refer to correction no. 13)
15. Since Colon Street, where Junquera Street stemmed, (from)
16. Although the writer did not overgeneralize the residents of Junquera, he made it clear that (tense consistency)
17. Additionally, Seares (2010) adds that “Residents have long ceased being insulted by the "product branding," accepting public censure and non-love. For many years now, Junquera hasn’t been known for anything else.” (page? Or para?)
18. He highlighted the facts (tense consistency)
19. Additionally, the “association has stuck” when some sitios in Junquera were named Bulsita and Alcohol. (Cebu Sunstar online, 2010)( period should be palced only after the parenthesis)
20. However, Sansait (as cited in Leyson, Maghirang and Pareja, 2004) reveal that it (remove however)
21. Sanchez (2000) wrote that in the task of bringing to light women's story, (tense consistency)
22. Hite (1976) made it clear that the person (tense consistency)
23. Hite (1976) also reported that as long as women are afraid (tense consistency)
24. the girls all had to involve (check)
25. which later drove them into the streets, and finally to “diskarte.” (p. 78) (period?)
26. Furthermore, they give partial information on prostitution which can be applied in Junquera.(thought confusion)
27. ucidly define the term prostitution as in relation to (check;rephrase) prostitution in Junquera.
28. researchers quoted works from writers on women like Sanchez (2000), Hite (1976) and Sansait (2003) to showcase the writer’s view and studies on women as women were (present condition)
29. discuss the effects of prostitution to (on women) the women


Chapter II
REVIEW of RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains different studies and relevant information from sources that are useful in the conduct of this research. The sources are arranged in a thematic order beginning with a short introduction. The chapter is further subdivided into interrelated subtopics creating one vivid discussion on Junquera in connection with other topics or issues which will be tackled in the study, namely, prostitution and business activities that are taking place in the said area.
Following the short introduction is a discussion about the history of Junquera, the place of study, as it relates to the history of its neighbouring places in Cebu City. Then, studies on the economic boom in Cebu City alongside the emergence of various effects on Cebuano women and children including prostitution are treated in detail. At the last part of this review, the researchers present sources discussing the various effects of prostitution to the women involved and to the society as a whole.
I) Introduction
It is surprising to note that amidst rapid economic growth happening in Cebu City, one of its business zones became a thoroughfare of illicit sex trade. A place which was once known to be the focal point of entertainment is now a sex tourism spot. Junquera, the location of major Cebuano theatres in the early days, is at present both a business spot and a prostitution hub. At daytime, many entrepreneurs roam around the streets doing their various businesses (e.g., shoe repair, buying and selling, etc.) with various costumers. However, as night approaches and daylight recedes, cottage industries and bawdy houses in Junquera become a major attraction where prostitutes wait or look for costumers. The researchers would then look at the daytime and night-time activities that are happening in this significant street.
II) History of Junquera
An anonymous author who wrote an article entitled “Junquera” (clipping from Streets of Cebu, Cebu City Public Library) records that Junquera was the site where the former “Teatro Junquera,” the first theatre in Cebu, stood. After the said playhouse was purchased by Don Jose Avila, it was renamed into Oriente Theatre which was destroyed during the Pacific War. Currently, the place where “Teatro Junquera” once stood is now the location of the modern Majestic Theatre (p. 9).
Mojares (1997) notes that “Teatro Junquera” was named after Gen. Inoncencio Junquera and was finished on 1895. On Dec. 16, 1896, the Cebuanos initiated Spanish play in honor of the abovementioned general before he left. It was on April 19, 1896 that the theater was formally inaugurated (wikipedia.org).
Moreover, the anonymous author who contributed in the work Streets of Cebu explains that nothing more was known about Governor General Junquera aside from the information that “he built the first house of entertainment in Cebu.” The general was also the one who initiated the construction of the street leading to his erected theatre. He was “good and kind to the natives” because he protected them from land-grabbing friars. The natives were grateful to this “fun-loving Spanish Governor” that they “named the street a few meters from Teatro Junquera General Junquera Street.” This street came from the famous Colon Street. At present, Junquera passes through the modern streets branching the main Colon Street: Sanciangko, P. del Rosario, R.R. Landon, and F. Ramos. (p. 9) This clarifies that Junquera Street is part of Colon Street which is the oldest street in the country and a major business zone since the past up to the present.
Sy (1996) further confirms that before the arrival of the Spanish colonizers, Cebu was an active zone for trade and commerce because foreign merchants already utilized the Cebu port, a narrow strait between Cebu and Mactan Island, for shipment and trading purposes. The area was an ideal harbor for business interaction because the geographical location provides protection of ships from strong waves and winds (Sy, p. 29). This fact makes us think that the whole Cebu City, including the Colon Street and the branching streets like Junquera has been a business spot since the Pre-Spanish era and even until now.
Metropolitan areas such as Colon Street and Junquera Street contribute to the advancements of trade and industry in Cebu. Modernization, globalization and foreign tourism also contribute to the advancement of the city’s progress as the city’s business zones become sites of high degree entrepreneurial and social interactions. These brought changes not only to the physical set-up of the area but also to the occupants dwelling in these business zones, manifesting their effects in the lifestyle and morality of the people. Unfortunately, not all of these changes yield positive impact to the people and the society. In other words, some of these changes negatively influence the social fiber of the people whereas other influences distort the predisposed morality, values and right living of the inhabitants. As a result, noticeable differences from past to present can be revealed as the researchers would conduct a study on these dissimilarities.
III) Adverse Effects of Modernization in Junquera and Cebu City
In addition, Ermac (2009) explains that the economic progress of Cebu had not only provided job opportunities for Cebuano professionals but had also “brought changes in its social structure and culture. The flow of investments greatly affects the women and children of Cebu” (p. 6). However, other writers would also note that some these “changes in the social structure and culture of Cebuanos” are harmful to the city-dwellers in the context of societal moral fiber. As explained on the previous paragraph, many of these “changes to the social structure and culture of Cebuanos” destroys the predisposed morality and culture of the people.
Furthermore, Leyson, Maghirang and Pareja (2004) note that alongside the socio-economic and political progress of Cebu City is the existence of various forms of prostitution. These forms of prostitution embrace the “international understanding of the global sex trade” while traditional forms of prostitution still exist in four-wall rooms of brothels, motels, etc. However, “non-conservative forms,” termed as “street prostitution” also exist (p. 2). The three authors mentioned above came to a point of revealing that the existence of these various forms of prostitution embodies the sex trade happening in Cebu City and in the whole world.
The two studies mentioned above explain that alongside the advancement of trade and industry in Cebu is the emergence of various forms of prostitution. But the term “prostitution” is often misinterpreted by many people resulting in differences of understanding of what prostitution really means. The following scholars view prostitution in the larger context based on how Cebuanos define it and based on how people across the globe should see it.
IV) Prostitution Defined
Bruess and Greenberg (1981) say that “Prostitution is a much studied, but not greatly understood, sexual variation. In a general sense, the term refers to any situation in which one person pays another for sexual gratification” (p. 177). The researchers explain that what distinguishes prostitution from other sexual activity is the fact that it involves payment of one person to the prostituted individual. Hence, prostitution had been equated to sex trade.
V) Prostitution in the Philippines
Furthermore, Leyson, et. al. (2004) asserts above that sex trade is global and that there is an “international understanding” of sex trade. Moreover, Cebu and the rest of the Philippine archipelago are not exempted of this matter concerning sex trade and prostitution. In the next paragraph, one scholar records that prostitution manifests itself in many forms and in different places inside the Philippine boundary. Meanwhile, certain factors both environmental and social influence the existence and growth of this kind of enterprise.
In the Philippine context particularly in areas of high concentration of prostituted women like Pampanga, Jeffreys (2009) notes that Clark Air Force Base paved way for the existence of prostitution in Angeles City. When the Americans left, "there was a hiatus in the sex industry in the city" but Australian entrepreneurs and sex tourists revived it later. A considerable number of nightclubs and entertainment spots for prostitution were owned and managed by Australians (p. 132). Moreover, prostitution across the country is not only concentrated in these military bases. There are other places in which a considerable degree of prostitution had been recorded. Nonetheless, the writer emphasizes the relationship of economic conditions to the increase of prostitution cases as these military bases were also prominent business zones. The researchers will now delve into Junquera and the prostitution happening therein.
VI) Prostitution in Cebu
In Cebu, Leyson, et. al. (2004) explain that “Colon Street, being the oldest street in the country named after Cristobal Colon, is just among the major thoroughfares where standing women during nighttime could be found (p. 2). The findings which the scholars gathered support the claim that there is an obvious relationship between prostitution and economic development. Since Colon Street, where Junquera Street stemmed, has been a business zone from the past until now; it has become a site where prostituted women would trade in their flesh.
Nevertheless, the following studies would reveal that in all of Colon Street, including all its branching streets, Junquera is the locale where the highest concentration of these prostituted women could be found. These studies would also reveal that Junquera is always remembered as a significant site of prostitution. This made the researchers curious about why Seares (2010) called Junquera a “whore district in Cebu City.”


VII) Prostitution in Junquera
Seares (2010) reveals the reality of prostitution saying that Junquera is not the only place in Cebu where there is a considerable number of prostituted women but it has also the “biggest concentration of whores” that are mostly comprised of those who “hang out” at street corners or in “casas.” In spite of this, not all of those who reside in Junquera and the rest of Kamagayan are prostituted women. In fact, there are professionals, students, or sales girls aside from the prostituted women (Seares, 2010). Although the writer did not overgeneralize the residents of Junquera, he made it clear that it was only in the level of concentration of prostituted women which made Junquera a famous “whore district in Cebu City.”
Additionally, Seares (2010) adds that “Residents have long ceased being insulted by the "product branding," accepting public censure and non-love. For many years now, Junquera hasn’t been known for anything else.” The writer explains what Junquera is famous for until now. He highlighted the facts that even the naming of different places in Junquera was associated to the vices rampant in this street. Additionally, the “association has stuck” when some sitios in Junquera were named Bulsita and Alcohol. (Cebu Sunstar online, 2010)
Prostitution had been so intense in Junquera street that Seares (2010) notes that the name “Junquera” “perversely applies to the barangay’s (Kamagayan’s) area of prostitution described alongside the cottage industry, drug and alcohol abuse, and petty crimes (Seares, 2010). This implies the fact that there are also adverse effects of prostitution to the society socially and economically like the growth of crime and abuses of alcohol and drugs.
VIII) Prostitution in the Global Perspective
The economic implications of prostitution to the society are also emphasized in the study of Sheey (1973) noting that in America alone, the income produced by prostitution is "ten times the entire annual budget of the U.S. Department of Justice." This connotes that Americans, especially those who are paying taxes must give special attention to prostitution (p. 12). The report of Sheey (1973) is applicable not only to the Americans but also to the whole world in general and to the Filipinos in particular. She stresses, as evident in her findings, the fact that prostitution is an income generating activity which must alarm the government and the people.
With the report of Sheey (1973), the researchers are brought into considering the economic status of the prostituted women. This economic consideration on the side of the prostituted women would further aid the researchers in understanding the relationship of economic condition to the growth of prostitution in Junquera.
IX) Economic Status of Prostitutes
However, Sansait (as cited in Leyson, Maghirang and Pareja, 2004) reveal that it was difficult to categorize the prostitutes economically because not all of them were from financially hard-up families. In spite of this, economically despondent ones fall in the majority while many of these prostituted women were from broken families. In other words, we cannot be sure that all these prostituted women involved themselves into prostitution because of financial reasons, as revealed by Sansait (2003).
X) Women and Prostitution
Sanchez (2000) wrote that in the task of bringing to light women's story, their reproductive roles are the much repeated themes in the discourses of women as evident in the data of her study. The reproductive tasks of women with the end of performing the enormous work of shaping generations of human society are quite evident in history. But more in-depth studies on women as the "anima of social reproduction" reveal that women’s role has minimal impact to their status in society (p. 2). These findings on women make us realize that women including those in Junquera are common victims of prostitution. Despite the fact that prostitution involves payment to the prostituted individual for sexual gratification, Hite (1976) made it clear that the person, that is, the one who pays for sexual satisfaction, has advantage over the prostituted woman. Because of this, prostitution could be a form of exploitation toward women especially when there are other parties involved (e.g., bar managers, traffickers, pimp).
In addition, Jeffreys (2009) explains that “despite the attempt of the street club entrepreneurs to promote themselves and their venues as respectable, trafficking in women by organized crime groups has become a common form of supply of dancers” (p. 93). Jeffreys’ report is related to this study particularly in considering those workers in bars and other entertainment houses who can be victims of prostitution in Junquera. Respecting the fact that these houses become major attractions during night-time in Junquera, these “casas” provides avenues for the increase in prostitution.
Hite (1976) also reported that as long as women are afraid to “come out with their own sexuality” while coerced in satisfying the sexual needs of others and forgetting their own, they are sexual slaves. A woman honestly demonstrates this fact by associating sex with politics in which the man is always in the advantage over the woman who is "gratefully supplying pleasure". Women were pushed in society toward viewing their sexuality only as sexual intercourse with men and not viewing themselves as full persons. Hite (1976) further adds that lack of pleasure during intercourse is also a sign of the oppression against them (p. 281).
XI) Psychology of Prostituted Women
However, there are consequences for women involved in prostitution Rosen (1946) stresses that the heftiest payment for the prostitute might be emotional. A prostituted woman may find it difficult to withdraw herself from prostitution whenever she has “learned to view prostitution as a commercial transaction.” Accounts by prostituted women reveal that some of them develop empathy and dislike into their customers in order to protect themselves (p. 441).
In addition to the emotional consequences of prostitution, trauma could severely affect a prostitute especially if she had already been into prostitution since childhood. This effect was tackled by Russel (cited by Fernando, 2000) who reveals that those women who had been experiencing sexual pleasure during their childhood abuse felt more traumatized after recalling it (p. 68).


Conclusion
In connection to the findings of Russel, Fernando (2000) notes that “Social Workers from the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) say that children in prostitution, perhaps because of their “substantial income” (as compared to other streetchildren) are the most difficult to pull away from the streets. (p. 67)
Moreover, Fernando (2000) explains that because of the lack of a mother’s love, these girls were left “unprotected, vulnerable, and emotionally orphaned, without a real home or real caring from anyone.” Many of these girls passed from families to families and eventually to the streets while some of them were neglected by parents, step-parents, relatives or strangers who physically or sexually abused them at home. Fernando (2010) further adds that because of these factors, the girls all had to involve in “secondary family arrangements,” which later drove them into the streets, and finally to “diskarte.” (p. 78)
In conclusion, the study is all about the place known as Junquera Street together with the economic activities and the sex trade in the area. Speaking of sex trade, otherwise known as prostitution, the researchers focus on female prostitution. Why female? The researchers choose female prostitutes to be the primary subject because they were known to be vulnerable to abuse and oppression. Besides, female is the dominant gender of prostitutes in Junquera.
The sources presented above help the researchers clarify the topics that are connected to the main subject, Junquera. Prolific writers like Mojares (1997) who talks about Teatro Junquera and other facts related to Junquera, Sy (1996) who discusses the history of Business Interactions and the etymology of Colon Street and its former part Junquera Street, and the work entitled Streets of Cebu give additional information about Junquera which will be used in the conduct of this research. They will serve as guides for the researchers in the aspect of relating Junquera’s past to its present. In other words, the researchers will use these sources in knowing the influences of Junquera’s past to its present; how its history relates its present; and in knowing the impacts of Junquera’s past in the context of the sex trade that is happening in the place. On the other hand, writers like Ermac (2009), Leyson (2004) and Seares (2010) study prostitution that is rampant in Colon Street and in Junquera Street. These scholars give a clearer look on the concept of prostitution in the Philippines. Furthermore, they give partial information on prostitution which can be applied in Junquera. Foreign writers Jeffreys (2009) and Sheehy (1973) discuss prostitution in the global perspective. Their studies are important in viewing sex trade in a greater scope. Thus, their studies can be used in linking prostitution in Junquera with prostitution in the other parts of the world. Bruess and Greenberg (1981) lucidly define the term prostitution as in relation to prostitution in Junquera. Their definition of “prostitution” gives the researchers hints in defining prostitution in Junquera. Moreover, the researchers quoted works from writers on women like Sanchez (2000), Hite (1976) and Sansait (2003) to showcase the writer’s view and studies on women as women were vulnerable to the “trading of the flesh.” They guide the researchers in choosing which gender to be considered in the course of study. Finally, writers like Rosen (1946), Fernando (2000), and Russel (cited by Fernando, 2000) discuss the effects of prostitution to the women involved from psychological perspective. They consider the effects of prostitution to the women involved, in particular, and to the society, in general.