sanchez rosa

1. This chapter is for the purpose (weak, change)
2. to previous studies that has been (check grammar)
3. states that, "Mental health is not just the absence of mental disorder. It is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community". (page no.)
4. Moreover mental illness is a “recognizable change in thoughts, feelings and general behavior of an individual brought about by neurobiological causes manifested by genetic, biochemical abnormalities and associated medical conditions and psychosocial factors in the environment which impacts on the individual.” (Cabusas et.al., 2009). (page.period should be placed after the parenthesis.
5. (Scheff, 1966; as cited by Goldstein & Wallace, 1997). (remove year after Scheff, comma after Scheff not semi colon)
6. Half or less of the low or middle income generating countries had a law regarding mental health during the year 2003, and some of them have not passed a single law up until the present. Due to this situation, the World Health Organization or WHO developed the Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems, or WHO-AIMS. (no citation of source here)
7. are the main contributors for the increase in cases of (contributors to)
8. The 1987 Philippine Constitution Article XIII states that:
"State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available to all the people at affordable cost. There shall be priority for the needs of the under-privileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers" (section, remove the quotation)ex
Example:
Miele (1993) found the following:
The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
To format a block quotation correctly you need to begin the quotation on a separate line that is indented 10 spaces from the left and right margin. The block quotation should have the same line spacing as the rest of the document.
9. Furthermore, in a study done by Atadero et. al. (2010), said that one of the (who said? You did not have Atadero as the subject)
10. that one of the negative factor that scavenger families face is prejudice. (check grammar)
11. In a research done by Ancajas et. al. (2010) where they compared grades of students of intact families from the separated ones; showed ( faulty, who showed? You begin the sentence with >in a research<, no doer of action) that those who were raised
12. On the other hand, poverty is also caused by lack of education especially (Show how is poverty related to mental illness?)
13. which is a result of or resulting to massive unemployment, ( check grammar)
14. The cause of the said killer poverty is the unequal distribution of wealth ---in favor to the powerful; and perhaps, the culture of corruption in the Philippines. (how is related to your study?)
15. The article by the Philippine Daily News Inquirer (title,writer,year)
16. On the other hand studies by Sanchez (comma after hand)
17. However, according to the 2004 Surgeon General’s report, it shows ( who shows? According? Observe reference antecedent agreement)
18. a survey done by the National Statistics office on the year 2000 (in 2000, on for complete date)
19. The findings was (check)
20. The findings was supported by the Social Weather Station Survey authorized by the Department of Health during the year 2004, showing that 0.7% of all the Filipino households have a family member that is suffering from a mental disorder. (citation of source?)
21. is struggling on depression (struggle with)
22. Since the government continued to focus on the economic problems, and neglect (tense consistency)
23. Since the government continued to focus on the economic problems, and neglect these mental health issues which according to Cabusas et.al. (2007), causing for the increase of the number of mentally-ill individuals living on the streets and leaving it all for the social workers. (not a sentence)
24. According to Amacna et. al. (2010), on their research (in their research)
25. According to Amacna et. al. (2010), on their research about middle aged perception of aging found out (faulty, redundant according and found out)
26. despite the need for professional mental health care assistance “Filipino Americans were found to underutilize public outpatient mental health services” as compared to the other Asian American groups (page 1). (where is the ending quote?)
27. These then resulted to (resulted in)
28. Physical hindrances of Asian Americans towards seeking for mental health assistance refer to the lack of awareness of the proper action and treatment towards a mental problem. In order to address the mental health issues of these groups, it is necessary that present treatments should be acceptable to the White and Asian Americans. To the Asian groups, it is necessary that they will be given help in a way that they won’t feel intimidated towards the approach. (citation forgotten)
29. The book high lights(check)
30. The Resource book they provided( resource, they who?)
31. According to the World Health Organization (year?), out of the 75% of the countries
32. In the Philippines, the Philippine House of Representatives, led by the former House Speaker Prospero Nograles and Representative Arthur Pingoy, drafted the House Bill 6679, also known as the National mental Health Care Act of 2009, just before the peak of the global recession.(source?)
33. RA 9165, known as the Dangerous Drug Act which was made known as a law that prevents drug abuse among Filipinos since it is considered a cause for mental disorders, directly and indirectly. (source?)
34. Filipino Americans way (possessive ’) of coping with depression, even though they associate less in their new society, (check/clarify associate less in….)
35. to address the problem of depression one way is the use of medications such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) (check grammar)
36. As explained in the cite of the National Institute of Mental Health (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/mental-health-medications/what-medications-are-used-to-treat-schizophrenia.shtml), Schizophrenia is treated through the use of antipsychotic drugs. (name of org only and year, no site)
37. During the year 1990, new drugs were developed, they are called(developed called…)
38. Schizophrenia is treated through the use of antipsychotic drugs. These drugs were already used even in 1950’s. These drugs are Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haloperidol (Haldol), Perphenazine (source forgotten in this paragraph)
39. In this study, Filipino Psychologists' and Psychiatrists' Approach to the Most Common Mental Illness of Cebuanos, aims to know the most (weak. Not a synthesis. Relate the previous studies to your study.relevance of those sources to your research undertaking)


Chapter II

Review of Related Literature
This chapter is for the purpose of introducing and giving account to previous studies that has been conducted regarding mental illness. This chapter is divided into four parts namely, Filipino Risks for Mental Illnesses, The Underutilization Tendencies of Filipinos, Mental Health Laws in the Philippines and in the World, and lastly, Approaches to Mental Illnesses.
To begin with, the World Health Organization (2007) as cited by Cabusas (2010) states that, "Mental health is not just the absence of mental disorder. It is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community".
A person who is able to balance his spiritual, social, emotional, and physical aspect, and comply for his duties, and “fulfill his potential” in the stages of his life is in a good mental health, according to Cabusas et. al. (2009). Moreover mental illness is a “recognizable change in thoughts, feelings and general behavior of an individual brought about by neurobiological causes manifested by genetic, biochemical abnormalities and associated medical conditions and psychosocial factors in the environment which impacts on the individual.” (Cabusas et.al., 2009). In the normative definition of abnormal behavior, what's unacceptable, unusual, and different from the society's set behavior is considered deviant (Wallace & Goldstein, 1997). The norm dictates which one's mentally-ill, and which one's not. Repeated violation of the society's standards will most likely be "considered evidence of psychopathology or mental illness" (Scheff, 1966; as cited by Goldstein & Wallace, 1997).
Mental illnesses are one of the most common disregarded health issues not only to developing countries, but to the developed countries as well, giving up to only 5% of the total Gross Domestic Product(GDP) of developed countries, and 1% or less of the total GDP of developing countries (Cabusas & et.al, 2009; Abanilla et. al., 2008). According to a research done by Abanilla (2008), in the Philippines, 3% of its GDP is invested for Health services, with only 0.02% of it is for mental health services. He added that mental illnesses are now one of the top five main causes for disabilities and is predicted to be the second in the world by the year 2020.
Half or less of the low or middle income generating countries had a law regarding mental health during the year 2003, and some of them have not passed a single law up until the present. Due to this situation, the World Health Organization or WHO developed the Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems, or WHO-AIMS. WHO-AIMS was developed to provide needed tools to help countries evaluate the mental health of their people. WHO-AIMS is also a guide as to what law or proper action should be done to address the problem of mental health. The WHO-AIMS tool, renders a pattern for proficient personalities in the field of Mental Health care to be able to find important data on the six aspects of the systems of the latter. As stated by the World Health Organization which was cited by Abanilla et. al. (2008), the six aspects of the system of WHO-AIMS are the Policy and legislative framework, mental health services, mental health in primary care, human resources, education of the public at large, and monitoring and research. Currently, evaluations on WHO-AIMS tool are done by different researchers.
Filipinos Risks for Mental Illnessess
The effects of topographic, economic, and political problems in the Philippines are the main contributors for the increase in cases of mental illness among Filipinos (Cabusas et. al., 2007). Furthermore, these aspects, because of their huge impact on the society ---rise in crime rates, child abuse, death, and domestic violence ---are making the Filipinos more vulnerable to mental illnesses. Cabusas et. al. added that this problem was felt on the latter part of the year 2007 where cases of suicide, and annihilation of their own family members were reported due to hopelessness to provide for a good future. On the other hand, a research done by Cabsllero et. al. (2010) on rock music and tendencies cited the International Law (2001) which states that the cases of suicide among teenagers maybe due to aggressiveness brought by rock music. They added that suicide cases are higher to heavy metal fans. Therefore, rock music maybe one of the reasons for suicide among teenagers in the Philippines since it is the teenagers who are more into rock music.
According to the Psychiatric Association, up to 20% of adults and 10-15% of children are suffering from mental illness due to exposure to life’s extreme situation such as the continuing violence in the country due to conflicts of different groups ---Muslim separatists, and NPAs (Sreeraman, 2007).
During the year 1985, 59.3 percent of the total population of the Philippines was under the poverty line, and increased during the year 1988 where 30,000,000 - 35,000,000 are already living in extreme poverty (Adem, 1992). Poverty, which comprises more than half of the total population in the Philippines, and as one of the biggest factors for Filipinos’ vulnerability to mental illness, is sadly rising up until the present. In Metro Cebu, a research from the Cebu Normal University featured scavengers or street families. Considering Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, the study, by Ayuda et.al.(2010), showed that the featured families’ needs for Physiological (food, water, clothing, and sleep), safety, love and belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization (which is the motivation to realize one’s own potential) weren’t satisfied. The data gathered by Ayuda et. al. (2010) is an enough proof that the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIII, Section 11, wasn’t satisfied. The 1987 Philippine Constitution Article XIII states that:
"State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available to all the people at affordable cost. There shall be priority for the needs of the under-privileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers"
Furthermore, in a study done by Atadero et. al. (2010), said that one of the negative factor that scavenger families face is prejudice. Michael Moga (1995), as cited by Atadero, said that people who are prejudiced won’t be aware of the “pain, fears, and longings in their hearts”. They tend to disregard their own needs and want just to address first other’s needs.
On the other hand, poverty is also caused by lack of education especially in the present where many are jobless since society’s standards rose. In a research done by Ancajas et. al. (2010) where they compared grades of students of intact families from the separated ones; showed that those who were raised by single moms, who’s parent is working abroad, and others raised by their relatives are found out to have lower grades than the students who are living with both mother and father.
Looking at the Philippines current economic situation, where inequality is clearly seen (the rich as so rich, and the poor as so poor), which is a result of or resulting to massive unemployment, lack of proper education, massive homeless people, and most of all, continuing poverty. Most of the people, born of the poverty line, was never lifted from their situation and is continuingly, and even more, suffering from poverty every year (Adem, 1992). The cause of the said killer poverty is the unequal distribution of wealth ---in favor to the powerful; and perhaps, the culture of corruption in the Philippines.
The article by the Philippine Daily News Inquirer shows that 3 out of 10 government employees are suffering from mental health problems. The common mental problems experienced by these people, shown after using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) which was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Psychiatric Association (APA), are anxiety disorders and depression. Based on the 2007 survey, most of those who acquire mental health problems are suffering from hard family situations and were also lacking on proper education. These results were comparable to the data gathered from a survey done by Dr. Antonio Perlas in the year 1994, with 3,000 respondents from the Region VI, showing that two people out of ten are suffering from anxiety disorders, panic disorder, phobia, and general depression (Pazzibugan, 2010).
On the other hand studies by Sanchez & Gaw (2007) showed that Filipino immigrants in the United States are on a high risk for depression compared to other Asian immigrants, due to socioeconomic and employment status. Sanchez and Gaw stated that on social health cares in the US, 14% of the diagnosed patients are Asian Americans and a large part of that 14% are Filipino immigrants. However, according to the 2004 Surgeon General’s report, it shows there that Filipinos has lesser cases of suicide compared with the White Americans. Perhaps, the said lower rate of suicide among Filipinos in the United States is due to a Filipino’s culture of a family and other support system, and of a great influence of Catholicism (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007). Family, according to Miralao (1997), as cited by Ancajas et. al. (2010) further said that the family is the “central unit” of the Filipinos’ “network of social relations”.
In the Philippines, a survey done by the National Statistics office on the year 2000, found out that mental illness was the 3rd main cause for disabilities in the country, where 88 among 100,000 people are suffering from a mental disorder and most of them are older people. The findings was supported by the Social Weather Station Survey authorized by the Department of Health during the year 2004, showing that 0.7% of all the Filipino households have a family member that is suffering from a mental disorder.
In a recent study in the Philippines done by the National Epidemiology Center during the year 2006, it was shown that among 327 respondents from 20 Government Agencies 32%, at least once suffered a mental illness in their lifetime. The three most common mental illnesses among these respondents are phobias, which afflicted 15% of the respondents that once had a mental illness; alcohol abuse, 10%; and depression with 6%. Most of these people are of age 20-29 with a large family and low educational attainment (DOH, 2007).
During the year 2005, a research done by the University of the Philippines showed that 45% of the young Filipino population is struggling on depression. Since the government continued to focus on the economic problems, and neglect these mental health issues which according to Cabusas et.al. (2007), causing for the increase of the number of mentally-ill individuals living on the streets and leaving it all for the social workers.
Depression is the most common mental illness even among Americans (Time Magazine, 1972). Time Magazine stated that patients suffering from this illness reached a great number of 1,000,000 to 8,000,000 Americans, and 250,000 of them were required for hospitalization. Since little about depression was known then, electric shocks were used as a treatment since they’ve found out that those patients who suffered convulsion becomes less melancholic. This gave them the idea of using shock therapy. Shock therapy is often used by political and other public figures in America since it is said to be cheaper than counseling. Nevertheless, it was still considered dangerous and should be used only as the last option.
Depression, according to Carney(2005), is a mental illness that could affect the way a person thinks about himself, on the things around him, and could affect his daily activities such as his eating and sleeping habits. Depression doesn’t just go away, the person suffering from it needs serious attention and treatment. This is a common mental illness also affecting the elder people. Carney further added that depression is a common, but not a healthy response for aging. According to Amacna et. al. (2010), on their research about middle aged perception of aging found out that women have more negative impression about aging in terms of physical, cognitive, and the social aspect than men. In addition to Amacna et. al. results, middle aged people’s concern for money are higher.

Underutilization Tendencies of Filipinos
According to a research done by Sanchez & Gaw (2007), Filipino Americans are one of the fastest growing Asian American groups in the United States, next to the Chinese Americans. Almost 2.9 million Filipinos are already living in the United States mainly at California, Hawaii, and the East Coast. Furthermore, it is said that by the year 2030, the Filipino immigrants’ number will rise up to four million. Even to this great number at the present, little about the Filipino Americans’ mental issues is known. Sanchez & Gaw added that due to the differences in culture and values, many of them faced “emotional and behavioral challenges” in their attempt to adapt to the western culture.
Filipino Americans, compared to other Asian American groups, is said to have one of the highest negative responses about psychotherapeutic services (Baello & Mori, 2007). It is said, based on the latter’s data gathered from 162 Filipino participants, those who cling more to Asian Values, where having to ask for mental health assistance is a shame not only to the person but also for the family, will most of the time won’t ask for professional care. Asian values of “save your face” from shame has a large impact on Asian Americans especially Filipino Americans. Baello and Mori added that since Asians have close family ties, they’re more likely to ask for help from their own family members than outside the group such as psychiatrists.
Kuo (1984), as a source of Baello and Mori, found out from his research that “Filipino Americans had one of the highest level of depressive symptoms of all Asian ethnic groups in the United States, second only to the Korean Americans” (page 1). Another fact gathered is that Filipino Americans, compared to white Americans, has a greater chance to acquire depression (Tompar-Tui & Sustento-Seneriches, 1995; as cited by Baello & Mori, 2007). Nevertheless, according to Ying & Hu (1994), despite the need for professional mental health care assistance “Filipino Americans were found to underutilize public outpatient mental health services” as compared to the other Asian American groups (page 1).
Filipino Americans are said to underutilize available mental help in the US due to cultural barriers and their still adapting stage for the new environment which makes them uncomfortable. This shows how Asian values greatly differ from the western, and how they greatly affect the immigrants (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007).
There are four hindrances for Filipino Americans as well as other Asian American groups which prevent them from asking for mental health assistance, namely: the cognitive, affective, value orientation, and physical hindrances. The cognitive restraint is about the misconceptions regarding mental illness, brought by culture of origin (Leong & Lau, 2001; as cited by Baello & Mori, 2007). Filipino Americans, compared to other Asian groups in America, believe on supernatural causes rather than the scientific ones therefore treating it in a non-scientific way (Edman & Johnson, 1999; as cited by Baello & Mori, 2007).
. According to Leong & Lau (2001), as cited by Baello & Mori (2007), the affective restraint is related to the “culturally affective responses of Asian Americans for treatment”. Mostly Filipino Americans will choose to keep to themselves issues regarding their mental health to save their selves from shame.
Value orientation on the other hand has something to do with an individualistic and collectivistic thinking. To Asian Americans, they tend to try to fit in to their desired or preferred group of individuals. According to a study done in Hawaii by Sanchez & Gaw (2007), Filipino immigrants are mostly misinterpreted by the non-Filipinos and less about them are known because they don’t socialize. Filipino immigrants tend to isolate themselves to non-Filipinos and would only communicate with other Filipino immigrants there. These then resulted to the underutilization of the Filipino American group for mental health assistance outside their preferred group of people such as family, friends, etc... This is very different from the western approach or value of open communication.
Physical hindrances of Asian Americans towards seeking for mental health assistance refer to the lack of awareness of the proper action and treatment towards a mental problem. In order to address the mental health issues of these groups, it is necessary that present treatments should be acceptable to the White and Asian Americans. To the Asian groups, it is necessary that they will be given help in a way that they won’t feel intimidated towards the approach. This means modern treatments should be sensitive to the values and culture of these mixed American groups’ culture and origin (Leong & Lau, 2001; Edman & Johnson, 1999; Sanchez & Gaw, 2007).

Mental Health Laws in the Philippines and in the World
The World Health Organization made a resource book on human health, human rights, and legislation for countries to use as a guide in making a law that will “protect, promote and improve” the mental conditions of the people. The resource book was designed in a way that countries could use it as a guide on what mental health legislations they must produce that will best fit to their specific situations. The book high lights the importance of the Universal Human rights to be followed, since people experiencing a mental disorder are most of the time not respected by others and are detached from the community since some refuse to accept them. The Resource book they provided aimed to meet “human right standards” in making “human right oriented legislations” (WHO, 2005).
According to the World Health Organization, out of the 75% of the countries having mental health legislation, only 51% of them had their laws promulgated by the year 1990; and 15% still had not updated their laws which were made during the pre1960’s. Indeed, countries are more into making laws that, mental patients pose danger to society and must be isolated, instead of focusing on promoting and protecting the rights of these individuals as humans. They are considered threats by these countries, but to really help them in their situation is not in their big plan. These countries seem to consider them as dangerous and not really people that need help. WHO (2005) clearly stated that a good legislation will be able to address the following issues:
1. establishment of high quality mental health facilities and services;
2. access to quality mental health care;
3. protection of human rights;
4. patients’ right to treatment;
5. development of robust procedural protections;
6. integration of persons with mental disorders into the community; and
7. promotion of mental health throughout society (page 2).
As stated above, legislations should address the following issues of equality for the mentally disabled. They must be treated with respect, and the rights which include, the right for free access to medical treatments, the right to get quality medication, and it also includes the right to have a job (WHO, 2005).
In the Philippines, the Philippine House of Representatives, led by the former House Speaker Prospero Nograles and Representative Arthur Pingoy, drafted the House Bill 6679, also known as the National mental Health Care Act of 2009, just before the peak of the global recession. Knowing that the Philippines is not focusing on mental illnesses, this bill focused and aimed to lessen the rising cases of mental illness among Filipinos, and to reduce its risks.
RA 9165, known as the Dangerous Drug Act which was made known as a law that prevents drug abuse among Filipinos since it is considered a cause for mental disorders, directly and indirectly. On the other hand, the Department of Health promulgated the National Mental Health Policy, also known as Administrative Order No. 8 s. 2001, which aimed for the betterment of the mental health of the Filipinos and to unify services for the people suffering from a mental disorder (DOH, 2007). As to a mental health law which protects the rights and acknowledges the needs of individuals with mental illness, nothing has been passed yet.

Approaches to Mental Illnesses
The World Health Organization (2005) said that almost 340 million people are struck by depression, 45 million on schizophrenia, and 29 million people are suffering from dementia. Mental disorders are one of the causes for disabilities in the world.
Depression, as stated earlier, is a mental illness that affects the way a person thinks about himself, on the things around him, and affects his daily activities such as his eating and sleeping habits. Sadly, it just doesn’t go away, even if the person wishes to. The person suffering from it needs serious attention and treatment (Carney, 2005).
As what the WHO (2005) said, a great number of 340 million people from all around the world are suffering from depression which is no doubt making it a very big problem, but less treated especially in the Philippines. Filipino Americans way of coping with depression, even though they associate less in their new society, is their comfort groups such as family and friends. This is a most common Filipino way of dealing with problems which results to the underutilization of the provided mental assistance, unlike the western culture which uses a lot of medical and psychotherapeutic approach to address a common problem in mental health such as depression (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007).
In the Philippines, since many are below poverty line, and it has been said that problems on finance, work and etc. could lead to depression, many of these poor Filipinos are suffering from the latter yet they can’t have a free access to mental treatments because they can’t afford. The extreme case of poverty in the Philippines is basically the reason why “taong grasa” or mentally-ill individuals could be found in the streets. Like what the World Health Organization said, these people are mistreated, isolated, considered threats to the society, and are unloved by most of the people since laws weren’t promoted regarding their human rights.
Treatments for depression vary, depending on the type of depression a person is experiencing, and the level of depression the person has. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2008), to address the problem of depression one way is the use of medications such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs). In the case of Bipolar disorder, which is characterized by “severe highs (mania) and severe lows (depression)”, lithium has been used to treat this to calm the mood swings of the person. However, patients suffering from heart, kidney, thyroid problems, or epilepsy should not be allowed to take lithium though it really has been proven to calm down mood swings. Other medicines cited by NIMH are carbamazepine (Tegretol®), valporate (Depakote®), lamotrigine (Lamictal®) and gabapentin (Neurontin®).
NIMH (2008) stated that nn herbal medicine is also used these days. In Germany, many prefer to use St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), than other antidepressants. It is an herb which is used to treat mild and moderate depression in Europe. Further studies were still done in order to really test the effectiveness and dangers of this herbal medicine.
Another way to solve the problem of mental illness, as added by NIMH (2008), is through psychotherapies, which are also of good use. There are many types of psychotherapy with a specific therapist expert on that type. Some uses the “talking therapy” which just allows the individual to talk as a way of expressing emotion and to be able to understand and resolve the cause of the depression. Another is “Behavioral” therapy helps the patients gain satisfaction and “reward through their own action”. Behavioral therapy will also help them to toss away their specific behavior that contributed to their depression (NIMH, 2008).
Other psychotherapies that are of good help are interpersonal and cognitive/behavioral therapies. The Cognitive/behavioral therapy is done in a way that the pessimism of the patient is changed in the session in order to help him/her get through the depressive state. On the other hand, the interpersonal therapy is to focus on the relational aspect of the patient that may have triggered, or caused the depression (NIMH, 2008).
Another type of Psychotherapy as explained by NIMH (2008) are the Psychodynamic therapies. Psychodynamic therapies are also used to resolve the “patient’s conflicted feelings” as a way of treating depression in the patient. ECT or Electroconvulsive Therapy is used for patients with severe depression, accompanied by life threatening and when the patients are not advisable to take antidepressant medications.
As explained in the cite of the National Institute of Mental Health (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/mental-health-medications/what-medications-are-used-to-treat-schizophrenia.shtml), Schizophrenia is treated through the use of antipsychotic drugs. These drugs were already used even in 1950’s. These drugs are Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haloperidol (Haldol), Perphenazine (generic only) and Fluphenazine (generic only). During the year 1990, new drugs were developed, they are called “atypical” antipsychotic drugs. One of these is Clozapine (clozaril). Clozapine is effective yet can cause agranulocytosis, a condition where the number of white blood cells decreases. Other “atypical” antipsychotic drugs that are also effective and cannot cause agranulocytosis are Risperidone (Risperdal), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Quetiapine (Seroquel), and Ziprasidone (Geodon). There are other treatments for mental illness depending on what particularly is the patient’s illness is. These treatments are treatments done specifically for Depression and Schizophrenia cases.
In this study, Filipino Psychologists' and Psychiatrists' Approach to the Most Common Mental Illness of Cebuanos, aims to know the most common mental illness of cebuanos based on the record of Vicente Sotto Memorial Hospital’s asylum, and the approach or method of treatment used by Filipino Psychiatrists and Psychologists. This is to help the growing mental problems of the Filipinos, basically of the Cebuanos.