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Chapter 2

Review of the Related Literature

The internet alone is a very broad concept since it covers worldwide settings because of the aid on people(awkward) in terms of their studies and finding recreation. To relate the study (what study?the beginning sentence does not imply a study, only about the internet) to ours, it is divided into three parts: internet, internet usage patterns and time management. In the part of internet (the first part), it discusses the basic concept of the machine and its uses for people and how the internet developed from time to time. The second part which is the internet usage patterns determine (subject verb agreement-SVA) the thought on the extent in which people use the internet and identifies the programs or applications people would usually use. The last part is the time management which focuses on the ways people can lessen their use of the internet and explanations on the usage of internet in people’s time management for other activities.

Internet

Internet is the common ground in which students find themselves useful in every projects (confusing), reports and assignments in the academe. Students and also teachers can choose from a wide range of information with just one click away from the internet than (why use when you do not have )did you from a tour in a library (Genon, Rizon, 2010).

Since the world of cyberspace or the World Wide Web is used by every people all around the world starting in 1994, a person is expected to meet with (omit no preposition for meet) vast number of information that will change how they learn and work in the future once he/she logs on the internet. Also, the Internet will link other institutions such as homes, libraries, schools and even hospitals (Exon, 1995).

Uses of the internet are countless since the internet usually updates its information to make people aware in (right preposition) every events and happenings in our world. This is what Exon calls as “information explosion” because of the countless sources of knowledge that you will find in the Internet. In addition to that, not only (does) the internet gives (give) aid for information (awkward)in every assignment and projects a student might have but also the internet provides people recreational activities.

According to Jones (1999), the internet provides information that a person wishes to know and it also provides educational services from online tutorials to discussion groups. “It is the same as going to a university except a person don’t have to travel” (p. 16).

Jones (1999) adds that the internet provides more convenience to one’s social needs such as chatting and material wants such as dresses and shirts since it covers all aspects especially in businesses, shopping and for social interaction with one person to another.

In the Philippines, Filipino students use the internet and the computer to help them in their assignments. Not only (do) teenage students use the internet but also kindergarten and a majority of nursery. (Lelto, 2009)(period after the parenthesis)

Despite the poverty that Filipinos are experiencing nowadays, Lelto (2009) further explains that family income of Filipino families including the parents’ parental education also affects on their children’s access of (to) the internet. Thus, the most advantageous background of people can access the internet as twice as much compared to the least advantageous background of people.

Quijano (2000) in her thesis, “The Use of the Internet and its influence on the Mass Media Behavior on selected High School and College Students of Cebu City”, further justified (tense consistency) the previous claim saying that low-income respondents generally used the internet for socialization purposes and for the middle and high- income class respondents for diversion or entertainment.

The study explains how people deal with the use of the internet, and added to it (awkward), financial income always takes into consideration on the access of people in (right preposition) the internet and how the people treat the internet upon using whether wisely or not.

Despite how old a person is, computer and the Internet are used widespread at an early age in our world. Specifically, the use of the computer is focused to (on) the early age and the use of the internet is on the high-school-age especially in the America. (De Bell, et. al. 2001)

Asides from being a source of information from (?), the internet and the computer provide recreational activities such as gaming, e-mailing, watching videos and downloading music which a lot of adolescents are very fond of. This makes the Internet more convenient to use for the adolescents since gaming and recreational activities requires less physical effort.

Internet Usage Patterns

Majority of the students who have access to the internet, vary in terms of sex and their preference. This variation, may can cause effects on time control of students in other activities whether in academic or non-academic aspects.

They study showed that the number of people who use the internet are increasing from year 1995- 1999 (Quijano, 2000), thus a probable result will be an increase chance that people would be spending a lot of time in using the internet for any reasons.

Such patterns are showed in the study of Genon, Rizon (2010) in which 1st year Bachelor of Science in Biology (B.S. Biology) students in University of the Philippines- Cebu College (UPCC) commonly use the internet to get information the sciences but more utilization by means of its value on the students upon using the internet is on 1st year Bachelor of Science in Management (B.S. in Management).(awkward, reformulate)

Moreover, Genon and Rizon (2010) concluded (tense consistency) that B.S. Biology students need to use the internet to find new discoveries and new information since their major subjects involves sciences.

In the case of Georgia, Butler, Aasheim, Williams (2004) state (who states? in the case?)that male College-bound High School Students in Southeast Georgia uses a lot of time in the internet than the females. The study found out that males focused on recreation activities sites such as YouTube and females are on researches while using the internet. Furthermore, the study extended that there’s a difference of the time duration in using the internet on males who use internet outside the campus compared to the males who were using the internet inside the school.

The study of Quijano (2000) revealed that the three top sites college and high school students in Cebu City often visited were research- related sites, chat channels and interest-related sites. In research-related sites, most college respondents are more exposed to it than the high school students. But in (omit) contrary to the college students, high school students usually visited interest- related sites and both of the two groups had the same exposure towards chat channels.

Not just only in usage patterns the two sexes differ but also with (in)their media usage. People nowadays watch videos on the internet as well as current news report, sports results and even lifestyle tips that are usually heard and seen in (on) the television and the radios. Thinking that these will be faced out since the internet can also offer these, a study was conducted by Connie Browning Budden, et. al. (2007) and stated that even the internet media usage are considered to be used by every students yet there are people who spend more time listening to television and radios rather than surfing internet. But some students expressed that they use the Internet while watching the television or listening to a radio. The authors also then concluded that even the internet is commonly and vastly used by the people in this century there are still students or even people who continue to use the “historical” medias.

Quijano (2000) further justifies the previous claim of Budden, et. al. (2007) saying that majority of both High School and College respondents preferred the Television than the internet. Specifically, the television and radio is the most preferred type of media of the college students while on the High School Students were the internet.

Furthermore, Cummins (2009) justifies that the participants in his study used the internet for work and social interaction, instant messaging and online shopping. In addition to it, the respondents spend an average of 13.87 hours a week of using the internet for work and 11.23 hours a week for personal activities such as logging in to a social networking site or watching a video. Facebook is the most visited social networking site among the respondents.

Impacts on internet

Since the internet motivates people in such a way that it can give you information with just one click and can give you entertainment as well as recreation, there are things that are compromised in the usage of the internet, such as in real socialization process, in academic performances and even in psychological state for which is called internet addiction (very long, omit unnecessary words.express directly the main idea). But all of these impacts are boils down on how they use their time to control the use of the internet.

Mainly these impacts resulted in the amount of time consumed by the people in surfing the Web. According to Serfronya Wallace (2006), the World Wide Web is a very interesting place since it is bounded with chat rooms, message boards and sites that will lead you to other pages and eventually lose track of time.

Quijano (2000) concludes in her study that both high school and college students in Cebu City use the internet for their entertainment (to entertain them). But there are a number of female respondents that use the internet not for entertainment but for socialization with other people in the world.

Quijano (2000) notes that a slight decrease of time spent on their school activities was experience in (by) some students in Cebu City upon using the internet. Specifically, college students even spent less time in school activities compared to the high school students.

In the study of Quijano (2000), it (what is it? or in his study, quijano said that)is said that college and high school respondents preferred the use of the television than the internet but the use of the internet reveals a decrease of time spent by the students in watching television.

Asides from the students’ academic use of the internet, entertainment applications in the internet are also very common for the students this day. These non-academic activities are social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, gaming and etc. Thus the students’ time especially in their relationships with their family and friends and also their academic performance are also affected.

According to the study of Karen Anne M. Adolfo and Jason D. Guilde (2010), “the effect of Facebook on their relationship with their friends and their family and on their academic performances is not that alarming yet” (p. 3). Furthermore, the respondents in their study value their families more than Facebook and want to spend their time with their friends than to go on-line. The respondents also prefer to hang out with their friends than (where is ) to communicate via Facebook or the internet.

De Rushia (2010) states that using the internet would not make the individual less socially active. De Rushi further claims that neglecting the amount of time spent on non social acts of an individual will not result in loneliness in social interaction such person to person and in cyberspace socialization.

Furthermore, Quijano (2000) illustrates that the internet alone had fairly influenced students on their behavior towards their family. The study also revealed that only slightly effects occurred on the students’ behaviors upon the use of the internet on their socialization with their friends. In their social activities, the students had a fair influence on the internet (the students influence the internet?) since it involves a new world of socialization using the internet. Moreover, high school students were more influenced compared to that of the college students in the study.

In academics, students who have been accessing the internet are significantly doing better in academics than those who don’t have any access. Furthermore, the internet provides updates that are used by the students from the scarce and old books in the shelves (Osunade, 2003).

Students, whether be in High School or College preferred the use of internet than the newspaper since the internet has more information and updated news compared to the newpapers (Quijano, 2000).(how many times do you need to mention the newspapers? redundant)

Contradiction to the point of view of the study ( i do not get this), certain internet addictions can occur (wrong use of verb, awkward) for (to) students who are exposed by (to) the internet.

Li and Chung (2006) studied the causes of internet addiction of users through (addiction to or the ways of authors in studying it is through the use of internet?) in the internet:

The social function was the key function of the Internet, which leads to the most severe Internet addiction. On the other words, those who use the Internet for the social function will get relatively more Internet use problems such as the compulsive use, withdrawal, tolerance, time management problem and the interpersonal and health problems and they will exhibit more severe Internet addictive behaviors. For those who use the Internet for the information function, they are apt to encounter the interpersonal and health problems. In conclusion, the Internet use function was related to the Internet addiction behavior. p. 1070

Thus, Internet addiction also contributes to the impacts of using the internet. The addiction affects the social aspect of a person in which his/her socialization and in physical aspect such as his/her health.(faulty construction)

Time Management

One factor for that attribute to one’s personal success is on how well he or she (who?) manages his or her time. Before one discusses and starts managing one’s time, one should know what time is and how important time is.

Since people nowadays use internet for any activities they like, the internet will affect their time management for their personal activities, meetings and the like. The use of it will consume a lot of (their) time because of its applications that glue the users to it.

Brian Tracy (2010), in his article “Managing Your Time,” defines time as:

Time is your most precious resource. It is the most valuable thing you have. It is perishable, it is irreplaceable, and it cannot be saved. It can only be reallocated from activities of lower value to activities of higher value. All work requires time. And time is absolutely essential for the important relationships in your life. (para. 3)

Tracy explains that the greatest problem that people are experiencing today is the lack of time for personal activities, or “time poverty.” Tracy also discusses that time management is not just a business tool, rather, time management is an important ability that everything you do is all related to time management.

McRae (1988) discusses that one major factor in being the person you like to be is on how you manage your time. Overall viewing and controlling on how you spend your time practices, your time management skills and controlling one’s life. It depends on how a person use his/her time in such a way that he/she can gain benefits for him/her.

Castro de Lara, Nebres, and Zulueta (1999) also defines time management as the ability of people to get a lot of things done in less time but with good results. They are emphasizing that today, time management is greatly taught, especially in training and development.

Similarly, Cottrell (1992) associates time management with stress. Cottrell defines time management as making the best use of your vacant time. Stress is often associated with one’s poor use of his or her vacant time.

In relation to time management, Kristine Geimure (2010) in her article “Time Management Tips” discusses that time is all equal on everyone; it’s just on the person on how he or she uses it efficiently. Gemuire also discusses that great success and progress can be easily achieved if one knows how to use his or her time when doing work.

Before, time management was all but plain easy. The only things he or she gets to manage are those with your friends, family, work, and yourself. Today, since the Internet started influencing everyone greatly, time management has become a problem to almost everyone, especially to college students.

As Rene Graeber (2010) states in his article “Internet Time Management”: The internet is taking over man’s normal way of living. So therefore when we consider time management, we must also consider the World Wide Web.

Graeber (year) discusses how the internet made time management more difficult to do. He explains that before, time management only focused on self, family, friends, and work. Graeber also says that now we should consider the internet in all aspects of time management.

Similarly, Amy Martin (2010) discusses how the internet can be very tempting in disrupting one’s time management. Whenever or wherever one may be, and with the internet’s availability everywhere, one can be tempted greatly.

But despite these problems on time management caused by the internet, one can still be able to manage his or her time properly if he or she knows how to divide and prioritize his or her time.

On managing his or her personal time, there are certain techniques that one can follow. Cottrell (YEar) explains that there are certain techniques that involve time management, namely: time blocking, minimizing interruptions, controlling the mail, managing the time one spends in meetings, organizing one’s desk and files, being aware of one’s own work preference, and task segmentation.

In discussing solutions to time management, Geimure (2010) discusses some of the factors that can disrupt one’s time management. These factors are calls in the telephone while working, not organizing one’s tasks, e-mails, surfing the net, casual visitors, disarranged workplace, and poor quality resources or tools.

But despite these factors that can disrupt one’s time management, Geimure states that there are also different solutions to be able to manage one’s time. These solutions include understanding how one uses each day, setting priorities, planning one’s time, reviewing one’s progress, and taking a time out.

Tracy also gives certain steps on how to manage one’s time personally. Before managing his or her time, one should reflect on what are his or her priorities in life. Then, one should master his or her time, organize one’s life, and be able to think properly, for thinking is the best quality that one possesses to make the value of life better. Tracy also discusses what one should prioritize in managing his or her time. It all depends on what one gives the greatest importance: either on family goals, businesses or career goals, or personal goals. And when one has finally decided his or her priorities, then one can finally start organizing his or her time, and put their commitment on their activities.

Nick Repak (2010), in his article “Time Management,” explains the struggle with time management, depending on how one faces the problems that he or she encounters. There are certain problems that cannot be managed and there are also some that can be managed, what matters is that one must not give up on managing his or her time and that he or she must learn to choose their priorities.

Repak also gives tips on how to manage one’s time better. These tips include making peace with oneself, utilizing one’s schedule, or maybe utilizing it twice, and handling things only once, and keeping a record of how you spend your time, through a journal.

Repak also discusses how to approach time management the best through a step-by step guide. He explains that first; one should view what are his or her goals for a boost of motivation. Second, one should know and identify what are certain activities that best accomplish one’s goals. Third, Repak suggests of having a calendar, which can boost one’s vision and inspiration for long-term goals. Fourth and last, one should schedule one’s daily values.

Repak also emphasizes how to solve interruptions, procrastinations, and stress, that can disrupt one’s time management. These include: start strong until the habit of time managing is finally rooted, and act quickly on time resolutions.

Even though the internet helps students in their projects and assignments, it always boils down on how they manage the usage of the internet. Thus, time management in the use of the internet is essential for the students who have school works.

Shah (2011) also gives some tips on how to manage his or her time effectively. These tips include: using diaries and planners, planning one’s logistics on the events that occurs, and having self-esteem, confidence, and pride to one’s self to get everything for success.

Similarly, Castro de Lara, et al. discusses techniques on how one can manage his or her time to perform effectively. These techniques include analyzing time use and using a time log, prioritizing activities on what should go first and what should go last, planning, and making a to-do list.

One can also manage his or her time with their internet usage. Wallace (2006) explains on (omit on)how people waste time with the internet for the reason that the World Wide Web is an extremely interesting place to visit. Chat rooms, message boards, and online arcades abound. There is always one more email to read or write. And going to a particular website can lead to clicks until hundreds of pages have been viewed in, seemingly, a short period. Nevertheless, the clock is ticking. And it is easy to lose track of time while surfing the net. That is why it is important to set limits on internet usage and to manage your time wisely while online.

So even while one is online, temptations are there to disrupt one’s priorities. But there are certain techniques that one can follow to effectively handle his or her time management while surfing the internet.

Martin (2010) gives techniques on how to manage your time while surfing the internet by scheduling one’s internet time. Martin suggests two hours a day of internet usage to answer important emails and research.

Martin also suggests working offline as another technique in internet time management. One has the ability to unplug all their connections to the internet, so why not do it? Turning everything connected to the internet off and waiting for it to reconnect can stop the temptation in making you stay longer in the internet.

Similarly, Graeber also suggests that focus is very important while one is in the internet. When one is doing work, no matter how tempting the other websites of the internet may be, their main priority should be work. And as soon as one is done with their work, then he or she can browse and click on the other websites of the inernet endlessly. Graeber also emphasizes that life is too short for time to waste, especially on the internet.

The fact that the time of a college student is always preoccupied with lots of things such work, studies, relationship with friends and families. Thus, managing student’s time is very difficult to handle since the students are still adjusting to the activities they are concerned with.

Lastly, Tracy (year) reflects on the time that one uses. If one cannot manage his or her time properly when they are working, it can greatly disrupt the time that one can give to his or her family. And because of that, it can result in poor time management and great stress. Poor time management deprives one of their other priorities and responsibilities that can result to clashing of values. It all matters on what one prioritizes and to what commitment he or she can give.

All in all, previous claims showed that the internet is a great factor in affecting students on their academics and also with their time management (rephrase). Mostly, previous studies are focused on the academic side of the story (awkward) in the usage of the internet whether or not the internet affects the academic performance of the students and entirely not focus on the time management for other activities that students would usually have. And as a result, our study focuses on (make a strong phrasal connection) the time management for other activities of students upon the influence of the use of the internet.