bernales colonia chap 3(comments in parentheses in between sentences)

Chapter III
Study Framework

Theoretical Framework:
To have a guide towards explaining the effects of romantic relationships on the academic performance of UP Cebu BSCS 2 students, the researchers will use two important theories which will introduce and relate the main variables of this study.
The first theory to be considered is the “Need to Belong” theory (Baumiester & Leary, 1995) which asserts that all humans share a common need to be connected with others, and common sense signals that individuals’ lives are better for being connected. Furthermore, Baumiester & Leary (1995) proposed that the “need to belong” has two aspects: (1) people want a stable and enduring context of concern and caring, (2) people need frequent interaction with the same person or group.
As stipulated in the first aspect, people want a constant perspective of being loved and cared. Myers (2010) supported this theory by stating that people who find supportive person whom they can disclose makes them feel accepted and prized. He added that this situation is associated with the arousal of behavior (i.e., irrepressible joy and happiness) to the persons involved which causes them to be driven by their goals in life. Thus, this satisfaction brings positive reactions to the persons involved.
However, Myer (2010) stated that there are certain situations (factors) which occur in the course of relationship which thwarted the need to belong. Consequently,Baumeister and Leary (as cited in Gere & MacDonald, 2010) affirmed that these threats would lead them to focus their attention on their “relationships and social connections”, which, by consuming limited cognitive resources, may lead to impairments in processing other domains of life.
Results of the study of DeWall, Baumeister, & Vohs (as cited in Gere & MacDonald, 2010) supported Baumeister and Leary’s proposition by showing that there is a negative impact of the threat to belongingness on the performance of different cognitive tasks.
In the meantime, as what Baumiester & Leary (1995) proposed in the second feature of the need to belong, a person has to frequently interact or get in touch with the same person or group in order to accomplish the state of full belongingness. This aspect gives rise to the second theory which will be used in this study. “Social Exchange” theory according to Wang (2004), explains how interactions are maintained by exchanging benefits to each person involved in the relationship. Moreover, Wang (2004) introduces (TENSE CONSISTENCY) the concept of “cost and reward” which are the basis of this theory. She states (TENSE) that rewards are the things which are received and give benefit to the receiver. Meanwhile, costs are the things which are lost at the course of giving sources, which are somehow associated with the giver of the sources.
Figure 1 shows the “Need to Belong” theory which directly explains that the satiation of the first aspect in achieving the need to belong affects the cognitive tasks of the person affiliated. In the meantime, the “Social Exchange” theory explains the behavior of how interactions with other people will be satisfied or maintained. Though this part of the theoretical framework has not yet established its effect to cognitive tasks, this connection will be explained in the following frameworks. (REPHRASE; DISCUSS THE FLOW OF VARIABLES)





Conceptual Framework:

Figure 2 on the next page shows the outline of how the theories are being laid down into concepts which will be used in the study. It can be seen in the structure that aspects of romantic relationship affects the academic performance both in negative and positive way.
“Romantic relationships” is placed in the framework to specify the kind of relationship which will be studied. Applying the concept proposed by the theory of the Need to Belong, romantic relationship allows people to satisfy the need to belong. Romantic relationship offers people more desire to have a constant feeling of being loved and cared and is characterized by more frequent interaction because of its exclusivity.
Having a perspective of enduring and harmonious relationship, people have the desire to achieve their goals thus (comma before thus) giving their best in every task they do which contributes to the betterment of (a)relationship. However, this perspective is threatened by some factors such as jealousy, conflicts with partner, disapproval of other important persons, etc. The need to belong theory explains that these threatening situations affect the cognitive tasks of an individual other than the domains of romantic relationship. The levels of motivation and anxiety measure the reactions of each individual. In line with the need to belong theory, these reactions affect the performance of each individual.
On the other hand, Social Exchange Theory explains the aspect of frequent interaction which is characterized by the exchange of sources to individuals involved in a relationship (which in this study’s case is romantic relationship). Wang (2004) states that sources which are exchanged in the course of romantic relationship, do not only include material sources, such as money and gifts. It also considers the time because in every relationship, each interaction consumes time. In the case of romantic relationship, it may be texting or calling the person over the phone, dating, talking with the person, etc. The more time a person spends in a romantic relationship, the lesser the time will remain for other tasks. Because of these situations, performances on other complex tasks which also require time are affected.




Operational Framework:
Figure 3 on the next page shows the operational structure of the study. It describes how the researchers examine the variables in finding the answer to the problem. It can be observed in the framework that romantic relationships have effects to (on) the academic performance of the BS Computer Science 2 students of UP Cebu College.
Romantic relationships, as described in the conceptual framework affect the complex cognitive tasks in either positive or negative way. Thus, academic performance of the students which involves complex cognitive tasks is affected by romantic relationship. The positive reactions (omit reactions) and negative reactions of the students regarding romantic relationships are determined by the levels of anxiety and motivation as a student.
Moreover, it is readily observed that teachers in University of the Philippines Cebu College have higher expectations to (of) their students. Thus, it is expected that the students have increased workload because of challenging projects, assignments, exercises and exams. When there is an increased workload, students need to spend a great amount of time in doing all of these requirements. Thus, students have to manage their time between study and relationship.
It is hypothesized that romantic relationship will affect the student's academic performance negatively when there is a high level of anxiety and when time is prioritized to their romantic relationship.

bartolay cueva chap 4(see comments in parentheses)

CHAPTER IV
Methodology

This chapter describes the research design, the research sampling procedure, the research subjects, the instrument used, and the process of data collection.

Research Design
The researchers will be using the descriptive method as the type of research design. Descriptive method will be used (repetead; use synonym) to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena –“Influence of Watching Boys Over Flowers and its Effects to UPC Female 1st year Students” in this matter (RUN ON), to describe the relationship with respect to variables or conditions of the situation. There were two general categories of descriptive designs which are the surveys and the observational studies. The researchers will be using the surveys. This will help the readers in knowing the effects of watching Boys Over Flowers by the students in their preference for a guy.

Sampling Procedure
The researchers will the (WHAT?) purposive sampling method as the research sampling procedure. This type is specifically called criterion sampling wherein the researchers will create criteria and the respondents of the survey must qualify in the criteria. There are only two criteria: the female 1st year students of UPC, and if they have watched already the Boys over Flowers TV Series. There will be 25 respondents in this research.

Research Subjects
The participants of this research are randomly picked female 1st year students from different courses of the University of the Philippines Cebu who passed the criteria.
The researchers chose the 1st year students of UPC because it is in their time way back their high school when the program was aired on television and to be specific, the respondents were 4thyear students and the surrounding was enclosed (CONFUSING, STRAGGLING), the peers were there, and life in high school is very vulnerable with influences. The respondents were fresh; graduating from high school and the influences in their life specially watching the television program Boys over Flower is very (WHAT?)

Research Instruments
The researchers will give out questionnaires to the respondents. These questionnaires will help in answering the problem of the researchers (TRIVIAL). The first part of the questionnaire asks about the respondent’s preference for a guy, second will be the characteristics they liked among the Boys Over Flowersmale (CHECK) characters, and third will be the open ended questions of affirmation to clarify if they had really been influenced by watching Boys Over Flowers in their Preference for a Guy.

Data Collection
Data gathering will be used through survey. During the survey, the researchers will give the questionnaires personally to the respondents because the researchers must interview the respondents first to clarify if they have passed the criteria.
The gathering of data will be done within 1 week.

Data Analysis
The answers of the respondents will be separated in each part of the questionnaire as described in the research instrument. The researchers will tally the number of respondents who has the same answer in every question. After tallying, the respondents will have to convert it to percentage to have a more clear output of results. The questions that were left blank or have confusing answers will be disregarded so that it would not affect the results. The open ended questions will be highly examined by the researchers because it is the only proof of the respondents’ statement if they were really influenced (REPHRASE, MAKE IT CLEAR) by watching Boys Over Flowers in their Preference for a Guy.

deguit olavides chap 4(comments in parentheses in between sentences)

CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY


This chapter would be talking (talks about) about the step by step method of the research. It is further sub-divided into different parts that would be useful in finding the results of the study: Research Design, Research Environment, Research Respondents, Sampling Procedure, Research Instrument, Data Collection, and Data Analysis.

Research Design
The research will be using a descriptive research method whose goal is to describe the characteristics of what the subject of the research is. (define what is it?why it is applicable to your problem) Specifically, the research will be using the survey research design since the researchers are particularly interested in a particular sample of the population which is the female students of the University of the Philippines Cebu College aging 16-18 and their preference in choosing their ideal guy. The researchers' questions will be close-ended so that the respondents will experience less hassle and will be more convenient in answering the questionnaires. (remove) After all the data will be gathered, the design will help the researchers in knowing the main objective of the study which is to determine the preference of the respondents in choosing their ideal guy.(remove)

Research Environment
Female students correspond the participating body so the research will be done in the University of the Philippines Cebu College where the respondents are highly accessible and the survey sheets are easier to collect.

Research Respondents
The research is mainly focusing on the criteria female students set in choosing their ideal guy. The respondents of the study are the 30 female students of the University of the Philippines Cebu College aging 16 to 18 years old – 10 females aging 16, 10 aging 17, and 10 aging 18 years old.
The researchers chose the 16 to 18 age bracket because this is already the time wherein they already entered and are experiencing the middle adolescence stage. They are already mature enough to set the standards of what type of guy they want to be with and this is also the time wherein they open themselves to having serious relationship with the opposite sex.

Sampling Procedure
The sampling method that will be utilize (d) in this research is the stratified random sampling. It is a probability sampling method wherein the population is divided into smaller groups known as strata which is organize (d) based on their shared characteristics and uses random selection. In this research, the population is divided into three smaller sub-groups based on the age of the respondents – the 16 age group, 17 age group, and the 18 age group. Each of the sub-group will consist (of)10 members that will be randomly selected by the researchers.

Research Instrument
The research will demand for the set of criteria that girls want their ideal guy to have. In order to know these, the researchers will distribute survey sheets to gather the desired output. The questionnaire to be distributed is composed of five main parts. First is the physical appearance part wherein the respondents will choose the eye shape, nose shape, face shape, lips, eye color, hair color and height of their ideal guy. The second part will make the respondents choose on what social group they want their ideal guy to belong to. The third and fourth part is useful in determining the mental capacity and the social class of the respondents' ideal guy, respectively. The fifth part is composed of the different characteristics of a guy that makes him ideal. It is sub-divided into four parts as well – the vices, religion, family relationship, and personal character of the respondents' ideal guy. The respondents will then rank these four parts and the five main parts as well to determine which is the most important and the least important.
Another instrument that will be use in this research are (agreement) pictures of the eye shape, nose shape, face shape, and the lips of a guy. This will serve as help to those respondents who are not familiar with the words used by the researchers or those respondents who are not familiar about what the shape of the eye, nose, face, and lips that the respondents put in the questionnaire.

Data Collection
In gathering and collecting data, a survey will be conducted by the researchers. The distribution and collection of survey sheets will only take 1 day and will be done on September 20, 2011. The tabulation of the data gathered will take another day and that will be done on September 21, 2011.
The survey sheets will be distributed to 30 female students of the University of the Philippines Cebu College aging 16-18 years old. The respondents will be asked to check the box of the characteristics belonging to the five main parts which are the physical appearance, social group, mental capacity, social class, and the personality they want their ideal guy to have. In the personality part, the respondents will be asked to check if they strongly agree, agree, strongly disagree, disagree, or they are still undecided to the list of personality given by the researchers. After, the respondents will be asked to rank the four sub-groups found in the personality part with 1 as the highest and 4 as the lowest. This will serve as an evaluation to which part of the personality is the most important to them. The respondents will then be asked to rank the five main parts with 1 as the highest and 5 as the lowest. This will serve as the evaluation of their preference in choosing their ideal guy.
Data Analysis
After gathering all of the data, the researchers will tally the answers of the respondents to determine what type of eye shape, nose shape, face shape, lips, eye color, hair color, and height they want their ideal guy to have. Those having the most number of check marks will be evaluated as the most likeable shape of the guys' physical factors that will make him ideal. The tallying of data gathered will also determine the social group, mental capacity, and the social class of the respondents' ideal guy. For the personality part, the ratings will be summed up to determine which of it will rank first and will rank last and then, the researchers will evaluate it whether the respondents will strongly agree, agree, strongly disagree, disagree, or will remain undecided. For the very last part, the researchers will evaluate which of the five main parts will rank first and will rank last to determine which is the most important for the respondents to consider in choosing their ideal guy.

deguit olavides chap 3(comments in parentheses in between sentences)

CHAPTER III
Framework of the Study
Theoretical Framework
Different people have different preferences. People, particularly women in this research, set certain standards in choosing their ideal mate. Until now, there's no concrete explanation why people do such things.
The researchers will use theories that will serve as a guiding aid in explaining the preferences of 16-18 year old college students. The theories that are selected are further grouped to make a systematic framework that would serve as a basis in making the study.
The theoretical framework focused on the following: the individual and her criteria/standard in choosing her mate namely the physical appearance, economic status, social group, mental capacity and personality/characteristics.
Byrne's Reinforcement or Reward Theory
Byrne's Reinforcement or Reward Theory states that people like those whose behavior is rewarding to them or whom they associate with rewarding events. More clearly stated this means (RUN ON) people are attracted to those who in some way make them feel good, or are attracted to those who remind them of people that they enjoy being around. The theory is simple and (A) concise explanation of attitude similarity forming the basis of attraction (Hussain & Kureshi, 1998). Byrne's theory "emphasizes not only that people are attracted to those with whom they agree but also underlying principle of attraction is reinforcement, meaning thereby (AWKWARD, CHECK THE SOURCE) that agreement with another person is rewarding because it allows a person to validate his beliefs the reward of getting associated with other person leads to liking" (Hussain & Kureshi, 1998, page 52).
Piaget's Cognitive Stage Theory
"Jean Piaget's Stage Theory brings a clear view on child development, as each child matures and goes all through series of stages. These stages are the basic foundation in which children develop the concept of standardization". (Votroubeck & Townsend as cited by Flores & Gaspe, 2011). (ONLY ONE PERIOD.REMOVE THE FIRST)
Piaget described the four stages of cognitive development and relates (TENSE?FROM DESCRIBED TO RELATES) them to a person's ability to understand and assimilate new information. First, is the Sensory Motor stage (birth to about age 2). (CHOPPY; JOIN TWO SENTENCES) The thought of the infant derives from sensation and movement. The infant is able to assimilate and accommodate objects by himself. Second is the Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years) where the child learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words. His thinking (WHO?) is influenced by fantasy. Third stage is the Concrete Operational stage (7-11 years). (CHOPPY) It states that the child develops an ability to think abstractly and to make rational judgments about concrete or observable phenomena. In the Formal Operations stage (adolescence), the person no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgments. At this point, he is capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning.
Figure 1 on the next page shows the interaction between the variables. The individual is on top of Piaget’s Cognitive theory which will explain that the individual’s choices are rational. After the criteria’s (CHECK) are made, Byrne’s Reward Theory will explain why individuals set this certain criteria.

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
The researchers find Piaget’s theory relevant in the study because it describes how a person goes through the different stages of his/her life female college students (RUN ON) particularly in the Formal Operation stage. The Formal Operation stage is where one can already choose what he/she likes best based on his/her preference or standard.(STATE REASON)
The researchers assume that female college students are mature enough to make decisions or choices on their own without any help from their parents or guardians. It is the female college students’ decision to set a specific criterion in finding their ideal mate. The preferences of each person vary. As mentioned in Byrne’s Reward Theory, they may choose guys who make them feel good or feel certain connection with.
In figure 2, the criteria and individual are further identified to give specifics to the study. The physical appearance of the mate, economic status, social group, mental capacity and personality may or may not be the basis of the criteria female college student set in finding their ideal mate. The student set criteria based on their preference.

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework


Operational Framework
The female college students from University of the Philippines are the last variables in that are involved in the study. This framework aims to find out the different criteria they set in choosing their ideal guy. In Piaget’s theory, it is mentioned in the last stage that a person can already make a decision on his/her own during adolescent stage.
The criteria the students set in choosing their ideal guy may taken by knowing certain attributes they look for in a guy. Physical appearance, economic status, social group, mental capacity and personality are the attributes included in the study.
Figure 3 shows the students and the attributes that are to be chosen from. It is up to the student to choose the dominant attribute that they look for in a guy. The attributes are already focused on the last framework. The attributes are: physical appearance includes (RUN ON) eyes, nose shape, hair color, height, face shape; economic status includes (RUN ON)poor, middle class and upper class; social group includes ( RUN ON) nerds, jocks, arts enthusiasts; mental capacity of the guy includes (RUN ON) below average, average, and above average; and personality of the guy includes kind, respectful, understanding and the likes.

Figure 3. Operational Framework

razonable salas: no chapter 4

It will be marked late.

razonable salas chap 3(comments in parentheses in between sentences)

Chapter III
STUDY FRAMEWORK
I. Theoretical Framework
The aim in this study is to identify the role of Facebook in past and existing romantic relationships among UP Cebu Computer Science Students. And to be able to do that, the researchers need to use established theories that describes (agreement) the effect of mass media towards human behavior. Cultivation Theory is the theory used in this study.(choppy; join)
George Gerbner (as cited in Chandler, 2010), a professor and dean of Annenberg School of Communications at the University of Pennsylvania developed a theory called Cultivation Theory. (join two sentences since they are closely related..developed Cultivation…in order to understand….) Furthermore, this theory was developed in order to understand the effects of Mass Media especially Television in an individual's attitude and behavior (Chandler, 2010).
Chandler(2010) said that in Cultivation Theory, (modifier and main clause do not relate; the main clause should be about the cultivation theory) the effect of watching television shows on the attitudes and views of the viewers is more emphasized (what do you mena by more emphasized?)than their behavior. He explained further that too much exposure to the television may cause an individual to cultivate ideas that are more realistic and existent in the world pertained on their TV screens compared to the real world simply because television shows sprung out from another individual's imagination, a scripted and manipulated plot by actors, writers, directors and TV producers of the show based on how the audience want it. Thus, this makes the show unreliable to be the mirror of real life situation because of some fallacies used in creating it. Gerbner differentiated first order effects from second order effects of Television viewing; the former being the general views and opinion Television viewing generated and the latter being the specific attitudes changed or affected by Television viewing like attitude towards personal security.
Chandler (2010) added that the theory proposed that the more an individual is exposed to the fallacies of mass media which in Gerbner's case is the television, the more they are (you used individual which is singular) influenced by the negative characteristics/elements of a television show. Heavy viewers (very frequent TV viewers) compared to Light viewers (less frequent viewers) don't have any more time to socialize to others and explore and experience things, thus it is very easy for the mass media to induce fallacies to a viewer or user if he/she lacks real experiences or knowledge about it (Chandler, 2010).
Along with the change in attitude and behavior of an individual is the effect of TV viewing in different relationships of an individual. When an individual isolates himself from others because of attitude and behavior manifested from the mass media, an individual alters his social links to the people around him.
(it seems that your theories do not match your problem. It is very specific on TV. It should be about technology or virtual world and how it alters relationship.try Marshall Mcluhan’s technological determinism theory or medium as the message theory.)
Figure 1 on the next page shows the flow of how Relationships are (faulty; something is missing) being affected by change in attitude and social behaviour caused by the usage of different Mass Media.(mention the items in the diagram;how one affects the other)


Figure 1 Theoretical Framework

II. Conceptual Framework
Social networking sites are considered as (form of) mass media because of its accessibility to the masses through the internet (not the right explanation). Thus, like the television that is described in the Cultivation Theory, social networking sites also induce ideas that change the attitude and behavior of an individual.
As stated in the Cultivation Theory, elements and characteristics of mass media contributes (agreement) are one of the factors that cause changes in an individual’s attitude and social behaviour. And Social networking sites being a virtual and imaginary world to users, gradually decreases (subject is plural) the individual’s ability to socialize and mingle with others in the real world. Thus, this creates gap between the individual and his offline relationships.
(shortcut; match the theories to your variables.where is the discussion of variables here? How do your theories match?)
Figure 2 on the next page shows that the different elements of Social Networking Sites and the number of hours using them affects the users attitude and social Behaviour and thus also affects the individual’s romantic relationships.(mention variables)


Figure 2 Conceptual Framework

III. Operational Framework
Computer science students are facing computers every day and are most likely using the internet as well. And so they are not immune from the temptation of using social networking sites especially Facebook. Facebook has different features that these students can enjoy such as wall post, photo sharing, instant messaging and status updates. The enjoyment they felt while using Facebook can lead to addiction and number of hours spent using it will dramatically change and increase.
The frequency of using Facebook will somehow affect the attitude and social behaviour of UP Cebu computer science students. The diversion of attention from the real world to the virtual world of Facebook will affect their ability of socializing with people. If this will be the case then their offline relationships especially the duration of their romantic relationships will be affected.(socializing with people?but this is not one of your subproblems? It is about effect on the duration of rel?
Figure 3 on the next page shows how different variables such as [1] elements of Facebook, [2] frequency of using Facebook, [3] Change in attitude and social behaviour of UP Cebu College Computer Science students to the duration of their romantic relationships.


Figure 3 Operational Framework
(review, reassess, your theories and problem if they fit)

beduya, misa chap 4( comments in parentheses in between sentences)

Research Design
In evaluating the novel Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom, textual analysis will be used. Textual Analysis, according to Alan McKee (2003), is a hypothesis derived from the possible interpretations of a text. The researchers in this methodology will examine the presentation of the concept of death in the work of Albom, and interpret Schwartz’s words pertaining to death. Generally, the researchers will study the portrayal of death through analyzing the life experiences of the protagonists, as well as the factors that evoked Schwartz’s coping process with death that also influenced his concept of death, through the narrator’s point of view.
Research Subjects
The researchers have opted to study the novel Tuesdays with Morrie because it is about how a dying man accepts and views his own death. As a true to life story, the novel can be a basis to understand how death is perceived in reality and on how to view death differently. The subjects of the study are Mitch Albom, and Morrie Schwartz. However, the researchers will focus more on Morrie Schwartz, the dying man in the novel because of his philosophies on death which were triggered during his coping process with death. Next to Morrie Schwartz, the researchers will also focus on Mitch Albom who represented the common people. The researchers chose Mitch Albom since he was the closest person to Schwartz other than Schwartz’s family. Moreover, Albom also represented the many people whose lives were touched and changed by Schwartz.

Research Instrument
In order for the researchers to present the study, the dialogue between the two main characters will be interpreted. The researchers will examine the novel in the following aspects:
Narration
The presentation Albom has done on Schwartz is very significant. This will show how the life of Schwartz, his sickness and his past experiences with death have been great triggering factors for him to cope with death that consequently influenced his concept of death. The novel is composed mainly on Albom’s thoughts about his conversation with Schwartz.
Dialogue
The conversation of the two main characters is also very important in analyzing the novel. Through their dialogues, Albom was able to ask Schwartz on his opinions on society, life, and death.
From the narrations and dialogues, the researchers will determine Schwartz’s coping process, the ‘tasks’ done by Schwartz and the concepts of death of both Albom and Schwartz. Moreover, to make this process systematic and logical, the researchers will employ Charles Corr’s Task-Based Approach Theory as the basis.
Research Procedures
Gathering of Data
The researchers will read Mitch Albom’s Tuesdays with Morrie, which consists of 27 chapters. Each chapter will be summarized and analyzed.

Treatment of Data/Data Analysis
Albom’s portrayal of Morrie Schwartz’s will be analyzed. The researchers will examine the occurred dialogues between Albom and Schwartz and Albom’s narration of the story. From that, the researchers used (tense) Charles Corr’s Task-Based Approach theory as the basis to determine the triggering factors of Schwartz’s coping process with death and his coping process with death in which he satisfied his physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs. Furthermore, the characters’s views on death will be also examined and compared. To support the analysis, the researchers will focus on the following aspects:
Experiences – Schwartz shares his past experiences with Albom all throughout the whole book. However, under Chapter “Professor”, the death of his mother was specified and narrated by Mitch Albom and on Chapter “The Ninth Tuesday”, for the death of his father.
Health – Morrie Schwartz’s health is basically the center of the story. Suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Schwartz’s life was estimated to last at most 2 years to live. Specifically, his was awareness of his incurable sickness was narrated by Mitch Albom on Chapter “Syllabus”.
Concepts of Death – the concepts of death of both Morrie Schwartz and Mitch Albom are scattered along all the chapters within the book. However, on Chapter “The Fourth Tuesday”, there was an extensive discussion on the concepts of death of both Morrie Schwartz and Mitch Albom who represents the common people. Under that chapter, Morrie compares and contrasts his views on death from the common people’s or society’s perspective of death.

beduya, misa chap 3( comments in parentheses in between sentences)

Chapter III
STUDY FRAMEWORK
Aside from knowing the concept of death of both Morrie Schwartz and Mitch Albom in context with Albom’s bookTuesday’s with Morrie, the researchers also want to know the coping process with death Morrie had undertaken. Moreover, the researchers want to know what evoked Morrie to accept and cope up (remove up) with death, in what way this coping process affected him and are there any people affected by his coping process. From that, the researchers have used Charles Corr’s Task-Based Approach Theory as basis to answer their questions.
Task-Based Approach Theory
According to Charles Corr (as cited in Copp, 1998), one should or tends to have an active participation in one’s impending death in coping with death. This means that coping is an active process, activating a positive orientation seeking to solve problems or successfully adapt to new challenges posed by death. Thus, it involves tasks, and these tasks may be undertaken in a number of ways as one became prepared for it. And the more choices one has, the more empowered and less of a victim one feels.
Tasks primarily involve the person’s concerns, even more than needs which may be met by others when necessary. Tasks are open to the dying person to manage as he/she deems essential. This concept also puts the dying person at the center of activities and expects caregivers to focus on these things, rather than their perceptions of what the dying person should need.
Before his theory was formulated, Corr(as cited in Copp, 1998) had only developed the concept of ‘tasks” from Kalish (as cited in Copp, 1998). Kalish’s (as cited in Copp, 1998) premise on ‘tasks’ that confront the dying person was that the awareness of imminent death evokes both ‘coping’ and ‘action’ responses from the dying person. Specifically, he cited that a dying person, unlike the person who’s not facing an imminent death, tends to have an increasing motivation in taking actions that deal with various ‘tasks’ that are related to ‘coping with the process of dying’. He further said that these ‘tasks’ may comprised (check) of dealing with financial arrangement for the family, dealing with losses such as physical deterioration, and family relationships.
From that, Corr (as cited in Copp, 1998) formulated his Task-Based Approach Theory and postulated four primary areas of task-work of dying people in coping with dying or death according to needs: Physical, Psychological, Social and Spiritual. Physical needs involve satisfying bodily needs and reducing physical stress in ways that are consistent to the things one values personally.
Psychological needs involve maximizing one’s psychological security, autonomy and richness of living. This is associated with approaching death with importance as well as humor, revisiting the past, discovering life after death and others that constitutes (check agreement) healthy death as recognized by caregivers.
Social needs involve sustaining and enhancing interpersonal relationship or attachment one values, sharing to other people how death affected one’s life and finishing unfinished business such as bidding goodbyes to long-lost friend/s and asking forgiveness.
Lastly, spiritual needs involve recognizing, enhancing and confirming sources of spiritual strength and meaning and in doing so, fostering hope.
Therefore, Corr (as cited in Copp, 1998) deals with death and dying in terms of developing awareness of and confronting experience that challenge both the dying person and people drawn to him/her. Furthermore, the strength of this theory is the assumption that dying is not restricted only to the dying individual, but the experience also affected the people who are drawn to that dying individual such as family, colleagues, or friends (Copp, 1998).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
According to Charles Corr’s Task-Based Approach Theory, a dying person should have an active participation in his coping process with death which involves ‘tasks’. The dying person was evoked to do these tasks as one (who? He or she?) became aware of his/her imminent death. Specifically, according to Corr, these ‘tasks’ were divided into four parts according to needs: physical, psychological, social and spiritual. During the process of doing these ‘tasks’ in relation to coping with death, not only the dying person was affected by the experience but also the people who are drawn to him/her. (why was? Based on specific event in the past?or is just an illustration?present tense for illustration)
Figure 1 in the next page shows that a dying person was evoked by his/her awareness of his/her sickness/imminent death to do the ‘tasks’ which are part of the coping process with death. Specifically, these ‘tasks’ were divide into four parts according to needs: physical, psychological, social and spiritual. And this experience of coping with death affected not only the dying person, but also the people who were drawn to the dying person. (same issue on tense)

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Based on Charles Corr’s Task-Based Approach Theory in coping with death, the researchers have used their research study’s variables and modified some of the concepts to come up a much concise framework. Aside from awareness of the dying person of his/her imminent death, the researchers have considered the dying person’s past experiences with death as a factor that further motivates the dying person to participate in his/her coping process with death. From that, the dying person will be more than willing to do the ‘tasks’ as specified by Corr’s Task-Based Approach Theory which was (tense) divided into four parts according to needs: physical, psychological, social and spiritual. Furthermore, the theory only proposed that the entire experience of coping process with death affected both the dying person and the people who are drawn to him/her, but did not specify how or in what way. From that, the researchers specified that the coping process with death developed the concept of death of the dying person and of those people who are drawn to him/her as shown from the studies Iranmanesh (2009), and Byrne and McMurray (as cited in Iranmanesh, 2009). Moreover, the researchers have specified that the people who were drawn to the dying person were the dying person’s family, friends, and colleagues.
In the next page, Figure 2 shows that a dying person was (tense) evoked to do the ‘tasks’ by two factors: his/her awareness of his sickness/imminent death and past experiences with death. Moreover, these ‘tasks’ were divided into four parts: physical, psychological, social and spiritual. From that, the experience of coping process with death affected the concept of death of the dying person and the dying person’s family, friends and colleagues.

OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK
With Corr’s Task-Based Approach Theory as the basis, the researchers have used their research study’s variables which are derived from Mitch Albom’s Tuesdays with Morrie. To start with, the dying person was Morrie Schwartz who was a doctor of sociology of Brandeis University in the city of Waltham, Massachusetts. He was Albom’s undergraduate and graduate professor. He was a lively professor not so long after he became aware of his incurable sickness which was amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). His awareness of his disease evoked him to wisely use his remaining time to live which leads to his coping process with death. Other than that, his past experiences with death such as the death of his mother at eight (who? Mother died at the age of eight?clarify) which was followed by the death of his father, further encourage him to cherish the remaining time he has since he doesn’t want to commit the same mistake of being not able to do the things that he should have been done before the death of his parents.
In his coping process with death, as specified by Corr’s theory, Morrie did the ‘tasks’ according to his needs. Physically, Morrie had taken some medicines such as pain relievers to relieve the pain but the number of medicines that needs to be taken increases as his disease progresses. He still eats food and sleeps as long as his body permits him to do so. At the latter part of the book, Morrie was already bedridden and have a medical apparatus attached to his nose to help him breath.
Psychologically, Mitch Albom helped Morrie satisfy that need when Mitch suddenly visits Morrie after seeing the news from television about Morrie’s impending death. They meet up on every Tuesdays to talk about the important topics the society had shunned or forgotten and talked about their old good times when Mitch was still an undergraduate of Morrie (ambiguous). Morrie had also shared to Mitch of the things that he had regretted such as the death of his parents and being not able to forgive earlier a friend of his who had already died.
Socially, Morrie was visited a couple of times by Ted Koppel to be interviewed and share his feelings, insights or views on death as death creeps up to him on Ted Koppel’s Koppel Show. Morrie has also discussion groups on dying and talks to bereaved people who want his advice on how to accept death. Being a loving father, he still has a stable relationship with his two sons: Rob and Jon. Furthermore, he is still a caring and a respectful (only one a)husband to his wife Charlotte. Other than that, no matter what his condition is, he continued to meet up with Mitch Albom at his home to discuss essential topics such fear of death and aging which he called their “final thesis” together and should be exposed to the world. Morrie’s wish was granted by Mitch Albom by making the “final thesis” into a book entitledTuesdays with Morrie and composed mostly of Morrie’s insights as he approaches death.
Spiritually, even though Morrie was a religious mutt, he learned to believe in God and he accepted that his sickness/death was part of God’s greater plan. In addition, he had shared his reflections not only to Albom but also to religious leaders and groups who visits him in his home to talk about death and dying.
During the entire coping process of death, the experience had developed Morrie’s views on death which can be reflected from his lines such as “Once you learn how to die, you learn how to live” (p.39) and “Death ends a life, not a relationship” (p.80) which were very meaningful and contemplative. Other than that, the experience had also developed the concept of death of the people who are drawn to him such as Ted Koppel, bereaved people who ask his advice, religious leaders and groups, colleagues, friends, family and lastly Mitch Albom. But the researchers will only focus on Mitch Albom as the person who was drawn to Morrie since it was him who’s (faulty) perspective on life and death had greatly changed due to his great participation to Morrie’s coping process with death. Specifically, Albom had learned to accept death and aging, understood how the terminally ill feels and thus, was able (not parallel with previous enumerated items beginning with had…) to understand his brother’s feelings and re-established his communication with his brother. In general, the two people who were greatly affected and changed after experiencing the coping process with death were Mitch Albom and Morrie Schwartz due to their constant meet-ups on Tuesdays no matter what the situation is.
Figure 3 in the next pages shows that Morrie Schwartz was the dying person. The first factor that evoked him to cope up with death was his awareness of his incurable disease which was amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Then, the second factor that further motivates him to cope up (remove up) with death was his past experiences with death which were the death of his mother at eight and followed by the death of his father. From that, Morrie had performed the ‘tasks’ in relation to his coping up (remove up) with death. Under physical needs, he takes (tense) many medicines, sleeps, and eats as long his body permits him to do so. Psychologically, he reminisced the past with Albom every Tuesday. Socially, he allows (tense) himself to be free for counseling, open discussions, and interviews to be able to share his insights on death. Furthermore, he meets up with Albom every Tuesday to talk about issues of the world and finish their “final thesis” together that covers his insights on death. Spiritually, he discusses his faith and insights with religious groups and leaders that visit him. Furthermore, he believed that his condition was God’s greater plan. The experience gained from coping up with death had then affected Morrie’s and Albom’s concept of death. Under Morrie, contemplative and meaningful concepts of death can be derived from his lines such as “Once you learn how to die, you learn how to live” (p.39) and “Death ends a life, not a relationship” (p.80). With Albom, he had learned to accept death and aging, understood how the terminally ill feels and thus, was able to understand his brother’s feelings and re-established his communication with his brother. (check tenses here)

ricafranca, quijano rrl (comments in parentheses in between sentences)

Review of Related Literature
(intro?organization of this chapter?)
Definition of Operating Systems
An operating system (OS), according to Burgess (2001), is a mediating software between the user and the computer hardware whose main function is to handle the more technical operations that are happening in the machine. It is the one that executes the functionalities of the programs that a use has in his or her computer (Krane, 2005). It is basically the one responsible for bridging application programs to the hardware, thus making the machine readily usable (Oak, n.d.). If not for the operating system, a computer is simply a piece of expensive furniture in your office.
However, there is no precise definition of what really makes up an operating system and what exactly it is for according to Rinard (1997). He said the purpose of the operating system changes as the needs of the people increases in complexity as well. According to him, the goals of the operating systems also varied depending on the “relative cost” of the user and of the hardware where it is installed. As he said, during the early days of computing, there was an “Expensive Hardware, Cheap People” trend – meaning to say machines during those times were very much expensive while people did not have sufficient income to buy these expensive machines. This made the purchasing of computers so hard. Thus the goal of the OS back then was to maximize the use of the computer. However the trend today is “Cheap Hardware, Expensive People” meaning to say purchasing of machines becomes relatively easy. The goal, according to Rinard, eventually became to make the computer much easier to be used for the growing number of users. It can be derived from this analysis that the sociability or usability of the OSs has changed from being exclusive to the hardcore programmers to being as broad as even children who wish to use the computer can easily understand how it works.
The structure of OSs has also developed as manufacturers restructure their products to make room for more middleware (Rinard, 1997). A middleware is like “glue” software that connects an application to other applications in the system (Middleware.org, 2008). A Java Application Programming Interface (API) for example, according to Rinard, is changing the way how operating systems are structured. He said instead of having a “set of system calls” and develop commands unique to its own, OSs are slowly adapting to the need of accommodating a middleware like Java.
The functionalities of OSs has also evolved as it has to cater the demands of mobility and disconnected operation (Rinard, 1997). And as computers nowadays are getting more “personal,” OSs has also improved their functionalities to cater “pseudo-real time” components like video- and voice- capturing software, Rinard added.
Despite this diversity among operating softwares, an OS has basically three major components. According to Burgess (2001), it contains a technical layer of software whose main responsibility is to drive the hardware components in the system. Second, it has a filesystem that organizes the files and programs of the system in a logical manner. Third, an OS has a basic command language which allows the user to execute programs and manipulate files.
Brown (2000) states that an OS has four basic functions. He said it has to “(1) initialize the hardware of the computer system, (2) provide basic routines for device control, (3) provide for the management, scheduling and interaction of tasks, and (4) maintain system integrity and handle errors.” These are basically the four main tasks that an operating system must fulfill.
Operating systems are classified according to (1) how many tasks it can perform at a time and (2) how many users can access or use the system at a certain time (Burgess, 2001). According to him, they are classified whether they are single-user or multi-user and single-task or multi-task. Multi-user OSs has to be multi-tasking OSs, too, he added. These two categories are the most basic categories of computer operating systems.
History of Operating Systems
Back in 1940s, according to Moumina (2001), the earliest digital systems had no operating systems. Instructions were encoded one bit at a time on several rows of mechanical switches. It was just in the 1950s when machine languages were introduced where execution of series of intructions became faster. Machine languages are the set of strings consisted of the binary digits 0 and 1. Systems during those times were often single-task and single-user he added.
During those times, Moumina adds, if a programmer wants to implement a certain application, he or she has to fully write the very complex and detailed input/output instructions. Later, this very tedious process was consolidated to be knowned as the Input/Output Control System (IOCS). Programmers would only follow certain routines in the IOCS to implement a common instruction. This has relatively increased the speed of encoding the program and eventually, increased the speed of the whole computational process Moumina stated. This system has made a great advancement in the history of computing thus, this may have laid the foundations of modern operating system concepts he stated.
It was in the 1960s when computer programmers have started to share on a single system, as they noticed that some instructions can be executed in I/O devices while the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is being occupied by a different instruction. Consequently, the CPU can be also utilized if only the I/O devices are being used in that specific point in time. They found out that optimizing the use of the machine was the key in using it. This full utilization of the computer’s features started to allow the sharing of users at a certain time. This was known as multiprogramming. However, this was still limited due to the system’s memory capacity. And despite this great advancement, the process was still relatively slow. Programmers have to write their programs on punch cards or magnetic tapes, queue it to the series of other programs that other programmers made, and leave it there for hours or even days until it is their turn. The slightest mistake of missing periods or commas would eventually “dump” the whole program and the programmer has to start with the entire process again (Moumina, 2001).
The Making of Windows
It was in 1975 when two computer enthusiasts, in the name of Paul Allen and Bill Gates, have teamed up to create a partnership called Microsoft (Alfred, 2008). It was in 1980 where they had their biggest break when IBM, a known computer hardware manufacturer that time, approached Microsoft about a project code-named as “Chess.” The project aims to create a software that would manage or run the hardware, and at the same time “bridge the gap” among hardware and application programs. An instance would be a word processor. This is the “foundation on which computer programs can run.” This new operating system would be known to the world as the MS-DOS or the Microsoft Disk Operating System (Microsoft, 2011).
The MS-DOS has become a part of people’s daily work in 1981 (Microsoft, 2011). Although effective, it proved to be difficult to understand to most users, Microsoft adds. Thus, the creation of Windows 1.0 in 1983. Instead of purely typing, now a user has the ability to drag a pointer by the use of a mouse to virtual boxes that represents the application programs. These “boxes” were namedwindows (Microsoft, 2011).
As time passed, Microsoft has continuously developed their line of operating systems. From Windows 1.0, the company has launched Windows 2.0-2.11, Windows 3.0, Windows NT, Windows 95, its last operating system based on MS-DOS, the Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows Vista and the most recent Windows 7 (Microsoft, 2011). All for the goal of improving every previous edition’s features like speed, memory capacity, graphics, program handling, privacy and security, media playback, Internet connectivity, etc.
The profits from MS-DOS alone have sufficiently supplied Microsoft to develop on its operating systems and its own software applications (Moumina, 2001). Their sales had them stable despite their separation to IBM in early 1990s, Mounina adds. Their intimate knowledge on the source codes of their operating systems had them “dominate” most of the years since the 1990s until a movement of free software sharing advocates steps in (Mounina, 2001).

The Early Start of Linux
The field of computing in the early nineties saw the boom of the innovative computer hardwares and the hype of the end users to push their computers to their limits. This lead (check) to everyone seeking for a portable operating system with free source code, different from that of minix and unix, the widely adopted operating system by academic institutions and businesses to copy and modify, which cost too much to develop (Mathpal, 2011). Empathizing with the rest of the computing industry, a young programmer, Linus Torvalds, developed the kernel for Linux out of his need for a free operating system (Rahman, 2011).
The humble beginnings of Linux, was first developed by the then twenty-year-old Linus Torvalds back in August of 1991. Without any thoughts to commercialize, or expand it, the young Torvalds modestly described the project as “Just a hobby, won’t be anything big and professional like GNU”, (put the comma inside the quote) as seen in one of the first introductory e-mails about Linux (Noyes, 2011). Unique in it’s (check) open source nature, Linux was released under the GNU Public License, allowing the end users to modify the software as they see fit, and in return share their work to the rest of the computing community. This characteristic makes Linux excel in the different platforms in the history of computing, expanding as a desktop operating system and in the mobile computing area as well (Merill, 2011).
In the words of Jim Zemlin, executive director of the non-profit Linux Foundation, Linux’s open source nature has give (check) rise to the operating system’s growing popularity among the users by expanding and trending the system across all platforms through the user communities it creates, “from mainframes to desktop computers to telephones to embedded devices inside televisions and automobiles” (Merill, 2011). Jim Whitehurst on the otherhand (punctuation) the CEO of a Linux based operating system called Red Hat, expresses his fascination with Linux’s success through the years acknowledging the cause to be: it’s flexibility to let companies and developers try new things with the source code; enabling them to develop the ideas like cloud computing, and big data to name a few (Brockmeier, 2011).
Undeniably, Linux has come a long way from Linus Torvald’s modest assumptions when he first started developing its kernel. With it’s twenty-year anniversary, the debut of the kernel’s version 3.0 just proves how far the operating system has taken over the computing industry. In fact majority of the worldwide “stock exchange now run Linux, as do the servers that power big-time companies like Google, Facebook, Twitter and Amazon” (Noyes, 2011). With all the innovations gaining popularity with the help of the open source Linux, just as the programmers of old have predicted (Merill, 2011), its own rival: Microsoft, has in recent years taken interest in the enterprise’s distributions to further improve their own company. If predictions of Linux serving as an enabler for future technologies and industries to arise (Brockmeier, 2011), more than anything, Microsoft’s recent move to use its kernel serves to highlight the potential of Linux to reach the highest position in the hierarchy of computing (Latif, 2011).

Ubuntu, a Linux-based Operating System
According to Mark Shuttleworth (2011), Open Source has accelerated innovation, change and dynamism in the computing industry. He also cites that in these times, where people are using the Web more and more, licensing softwares has become less relevant; which brings the open-source world at a point of possibly having an advantage to make a great decision to take charge of the software industry (Mcleod, 2011).
Taking the challenge to uplift the open-source industry, Mark Shuttleworth, a South African internet mogul, decided to create a more user-friendly Linux distribution; developed to give new users a trouble free experience with Linux (Jose, 2011). Tweaking the Debian source code, Shuttleworth started to develop Ubuntu to deviate the public view of Linux as an operating system for nerds and geeks. By selling the new distribution for free, as opposed to the traditional Operating Systems in the market and the proprietary Linux distributions like SUSE and Red Hat, users get the economic incentive over Windows; which attracted programmers to develop the Linux source code and established Ubuntu as a distinct operating system (Hodgin, 2007).
In line with this, Shuttleworth built Ubuntu’s parent company: Canonical, backing the operating system’s financial costs through the years of its existence. He integrated the company with two main lines of business besides its Linux server support; which is to partner with operating-system technology for netbook support and selling support for Ubuntu’s recent cloud computing technology. Despite having no profits, Ubuntu and Canonical supports and advances the development of new technology as opposed to the privatized commercialization of softwares. Ubuntu, through its parent company, Canonical, also encourages the computing industry for the reform of the patent system; which abolishes the monopolizing of certain ideas but instead give other developers the freedom to expound on the idea and create something better (Shankland, 2009).
Ubuntu’s launch was the gateway to most of the end-user’s thinking about Linux and the Open Source Way (Jose, 2011). It showed them the world beyond the Windows Operating System and the different alternative operating systems far from the traditional Mac and Windows Operating Systems most of the world have been made to see at a younger age (Jose, 2011). Although, Ubuntu has never been hard to use, it’s difference from the traditional operating systems has put a divide between it’s users. This lead to the development of it’s interface to adopt aspects that would make it easier for Window’s users to feel welcome and get used to (Noyes, 2011). By, enhancing it’s user interface and adding attention to detail, aspects that were never used to describe Linux distributions, Ubuntu’s revamp gave way to another boost to it’s popularity, giving leeway for more developers to flock to their computers and instigate new technology and contributions from the available source code (Jose, 2010).
Recent developments in the operating system has enabled Ubuntu to be competitive with the traditional Operating Systems in the computing industry, pushing the company to keep up with the new innovations of it’s adversaries; This enabled the company to take great leaps in innovations these past years: partnering with organizations and companies like Dell enabled Ubuntu to become the primary operating system in some netbooks and laptops and developing Ubuntu’s cloud computing technology have been some of its biggest achievements yet. By taking on the challenge to broaden the company’s base in the next years, Shuttleworth is confident Ubuntu and the Open Source Movement would make a greater impact in the computing industry (Moody, 2008).
(synthesis?so how would your problem relate to the mentioned ideas?)

saripada, mangmang chap 3(comments in parentheses in between sentences)

CHAPTER III
STUDY FRAMEWORK
Theoretical Framework
The study will determine if the student’s immediate environment which is the school has an influence on their perception towards a specific advertisement that depicts a societal issue. To support the study, theories will be used in order to explain well the factors and variables of the study.
The environment contributes a great influence on the formation of an individual’s cognitive and affective disposition. To support the idea of the environment’s influence to (on)the people is the theory by Carl Hovland which is the Social Learning Theory. This theory which was used by Enoc (no need to mention) in her study states that an idea constantly communicated to an individual will result to “attitude change” or learning (Enoc, 1999). The frequent exposure of some ideas and values being taught within the person’s realm of social consciousness will have an influence on his/her perception towards the things around. Furthermore, a person who is from a conservative family will likely to develop a conservative disposition and perception while a person from a liberated family is more acquainted to liberal ideas, and has a liberal disposition and perception.
In addition, Bandura and Walters (1997) expanded this theory by considering the principle of observational learning. This principle explains that a person learns certain values from mere observation of the actions and behaviors of the people that surround him/her (Bandura and Walters, 1997). This theory supports the idea that the social environment which includes the people can affect the person’s attitude and actions.
Meanwhile, another theory formulated by Severin and Tankard (1992) called the Individual Difference Theory supports the idea of the theory mentioned earlier about the influence of environment to (on) an individual’s perception. This says that the people’s response on the information presented by the media varies due to the “individual’s own set of experiences, needs and personality structures”. (Severin and Tankard, 1992). Furthermore, two persons who come from the same environment are most likely to develop the same perception towards a specific idea compared to two persons who come from different types of environment.
Figure 1 shows the systematic flow of the study. The diagram starts with the first variable which is the environment because the study presumes that this variable affects the student’s perception towards the tv commercial. This is supported by the Social Learning Theory as stated above. On the other hand, the students’ response towards the advertisement varies due to their differences not only in their social environment but also to their own set of experiences and beliefs. This is described in Severin and Tankard’s Individual Difference Theory.


Figure 1. Theoretical Framework.

Conceptual Framework
Social Learning theory and Individual Difference Theory are the theories used to support the basis of studying the relationship between the difference in environment and perception of viewers towards a particular commercial. To be more familiar about intention of the study, it is best to integrate the theories to the variable of the study itself.
The Social Learning Theory refers to the role of the environment towards influencing the perception of an individual; that an individual’s attitude and perception is affected by the social environment (Enoc, 1999). Aside from it, this theory emphasizes the importance of the ideas that are constantly communicated to the individual resulting to learning and adaptation of these ideas from one’s environment.
In relation to the study, the researchers are able to formulate assumptions that the students’ attitude towards some societal norms is governed and influenced by the teachers, the type of education and the students in the school. Hence, the students from different types of school may show different perceptions toward the advertisement considering the differences of the ideas present in the environment in which the students are exposed.
The theory supports the notion that the students will perceive the advertisement differently due to the fact that the teachers from the different types of the schools have different way of morally educating their students and that they are also following the curriculum of the school.
Moreover, private catholic high schools are considered to be conservative because of the religion study and devotional exercises that are imposed to the school’s curriculum for the students to learn and apply the Christian practices. Moreover, this type of school has been established to provide not just education for the youth but above other goals is to pursue religious objectives (UNO-R Institute of Research, 1976). Because the school’s objective is for their students to form and develop the “true and perfect Christian“, this type of school provides programs into its curriculum that follow the religious study and devotional exercises (UNO-R Institute of Research, 1976). In addition, the teachers from this school have greater influence on the students’ perception, performance, and behavior because they have more control on the implementation of student discipline policies (Grace Chen, 2007).
Meanwhile, public high schools are more liberal in their education considering the school’s curriculum does not focus on religion so as to accommodate the increasing number of students in the country.
The laboratory or special science high schools are also liberal in education compared to catholic schools due to the fact that these schools have a science based curriculum which concentrates on the students’ advancement on subjects that particularly focus on science and technology.
Hence, through constant exposure to the ideas present in the school, the students will eventually develop and adapt the same pattern of predisposition.
Furthermore, the Individual Differences Theory by Severin and Tankard (1992) provides support to the assumptions. The students’ responses will vary because they come from different schools and they have different experiences, needs and personalities.
Figure 2 shows a clearer diagram that contains the variables of the study. The intervening variable now specifically refers to the type of schools particularly the catholic, public and laboratory. The study presumes that this varying type of school is the factor that mainly affects and influences the perception of the students towards the tv advertisement.



Figure 2. Conceptual Framework.


Operational Framework
To provide a more comprehensive illustration of the study, it is necessary for the researchers to thoroughly discuss the factors and variables that are present in the study.
The dependent variable which is the fourth year high school student is influenced by the intervening variable which is the type of school. The independent variable of the study is the Mcdo ‘Bf-Gf’ tv commercial which presents a message that will determine how the students perceive the things around them.
The type of school includes the catholic, public and laboratory high school. A school is selected to represent the three different types of secondary school of the respondents. The University of San Carlos is chosen to represent the private catholic school; University of the Philippines High School Cebu for the laboratory school, and lastly, Abellana National High School for the public high school.
The students from University of San Carlos, a private catholic school, are expected to be conservative due to the fact that they are exposed to conservative ideas through their religion and values education subject. On the other hand, Abellana National School accepts students with different types of religion. Thus, public schools generally do not have religion education to respect each of the students’ religion. Lastly, the UP High School Cebu which is a laboratory high school has a curriculum which is particularly focused on the academic learning of the students. The education in this type of school is centered on the field of science and mathematics which is reflective on its advance science-based curriculum.
The McDo ‘BF-GF’ tv commercial is selected as the commercial that will be evaluated by the fourth year high school students. The researchers specifically chose the said commercial because the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) requested for its pull out after few months of national viewing. The CBCP reasoned out that the commercial depicts a degrading concept of romantic relationship and it demeans the dignity of women.
Figure 3 illustrates detailed information about the study. The respondents of the study represent the catholic, laboratory and public high schools. In connection to, these types of school have different curriculum that are responsible toward the formation of the students’ cognitive and behavior disposition. Hence, they are able to perceive the McDo ‘Bf-Gf’ tv commercial differently.



Figure 3. Operational Framework

Mangmang, Norren
Saripada, Naressa Belle A.

saripada, mangmang chap 4(comments in parentheses in between sentences)

CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The research study seeks to compare the perception of students from different schools towards a commercial. The study will use the descriptive method of research because it will describe and compare the perception of the respondents who are from different environment towards a specific tv commercial. This type of method will be used to further understand how the respondents perceive the commercial in relation to the respondents’ type of school.
Research participants
The respondents of the study will come from three different types of school respectively from catholic, public and laboratory high school. The total number of the respondents will be 30 students; 10 students from each of the school.
The respondents will specifically be fourth year high school students from USC North Campus, UP High School and Abellana National High School. These schools were particularly chosen for these are appropriate to the objective of the study which is to compare the perception of the fourth year high school students from catholic, laboratory and public high schools towards the McDo ‘Bf-Gf’ tv commercial. Needless to say, the researchers will be able to compare if there is a significant relationship between the type of school of the respondents and their perception.

Research instruments
To acquire the needed information that will be used in the study, the researchers will use a laptop to show to the respondents the commercial that they will evaluate and questionnaires which will be answered by the students based on what they have seen.
The type of questions in the questionnaire will include factual and opinion. The former contains the respondents’ demographic data and the latter is necessary to elicit the perception of the students towards the commercial. The structures of the questions are close-ended for the convenience of analyzing the data.
The questionnaire will be divided into three parts: personal background, perception of the commercial and the school background. The first part which is the personal background will include the name, age, sex, religion, school, the number of years studying in the school and whether they have values or religion subject in their school. The second part which is about their perception toward the commercial will be divided accordingly into three parts: the message of the commercial, the characters/actors in the commercial and the appropriateness of the commercial for national tv airing. Lastly, the third part will include questions about the school’s views on moral values which is being taught to the students. The questions in the first and the second part are in the form of rating while the third and the last part is answerable by yes or no.
Sampling
Due to the researchers’ limited time to conduct the research, the study will use the non probability sampling method specifically the convenience sampling. This sampling method gives the researchers the freedom to conveniently decide which sample to participate in the study. Aside from that, the researchers will only depend on the availability of the respondents. The researchers will not be so specific and strict in choosing the respondents as long as they fit to be the study’s requirement.
The students who will be the study’s respondents are those who studied in their school from first to fourth year. To be able to determine the influence of the school towards the formation of attitude and values of the students, it is therefore required that they have spent at least almost 4 years in their school. By this, the researchers will be able to compare the significant differences of the respondents’ perception towards the tv commercial.
Data collection
The researchers will render two weeks to acquire the data needed in the study. The researchers will show first the commercial before distributing the questionnaires to the respondents. After showing the video of the commercial, the respondents will each be given a questionnaire which will be answered with necessary accurate and honest information. The data that will be gathered will then be grouped according to the schools the respondents belong.
Data analysis
The answers of the students from the three different schools obtained from the questionnaire will be tabulated and analyzed by separating the respondents according to the type of school. The researchers will determine the differences of the data by comparing the answers from each of the type of school. They will analyze the data based on the parts in the questionnaire: what message the students grasp from the commercial (not parallel to the other enumerated items since it starts with interrogative form), the appropriateness of the characters of the commercial, the suitability of the commercial for national airing and the school background of the students. This will enable the researchers in identifying the possible patterns of similarities or differences among the perception of the students towards the commercial.

villahermosa avila chap 4 (comments in parentheses in between sentences)

CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The common descriptive method of research will be utilized and normative survey technique will be used for gathering information and data because the study is more of describing the data, the characteristics of the respondent population and the phenomenon being studied. The research is also not experimental in nature so the descriptive method of research is appropriate. The researchers will choose this type of approach for its easiness and practicability to provide adequate information the researchers will need. The survey will be enough to describe, analyze and interpret the respondents’ exposure to anime and manga and how these affect their study habits.

Respondents and Locale of the Study

The research will be conducted at the University of the Philippines Cebu College during the first semester of Academic Year 2011-2012 at Lahug, Cebu City. This research will be conducted in order to determine if watching Japanese anime and reading manga can affect the studying habits of college students. Specifically, 35 Second Year college students of the University of the Philippines, who have a hobby of watching and reading anime and manga, will be randomly selected to answer the provided questionnaires. Five from every course offered, namely, Computer Science, Management, Political Science, Mass Communications, Mathematics, Psychology, Fine Arts and Biology. The respondents will participate purely on voluntary basis. This age group was appropriate because as of Academic Year 2010 – 2011, a school organization concentrated mainly on Japanese culture (e.g anime and manga included) had many Second Year members who were incredibly active, especially during the second semester when an anime/manga event was held in the campus during February.

Sampling Procedure

Convenience sampling will be administered in the selection of the respondents. Convenience sampling is a sampling technique where the respodents are selected because of their accessibility and proximity to the researcher. The researchers will prefer a sample population that is unproblematic to supervise and will be able to answer the questionnaires honestly.

The respondents to be selected, to the best of the investigators’ knowledge will represent the second year students of University of the Philippines Cebu College who are anime enthusiasts. Respondents may be encountered both in their respective classrooms and in random social interaction.

Data Collection

The gathering of data for this study will utilize a self-managed descriptive questionnaire because it saves the researchers’ time and effort, guarantees ease of testing its reliability and validity, and ability to maintain respondent’s confidentiality. The most easily accessible students are those attending undergraduate studies at the same University.

The respondents will be given the research questionnaire and the data collecting will last for about 3 – 4 days. After gathering the data, the researchers will group the responses according to the sub-problems of the study.

Instrumentation

In order to answer specific sub-problems in our study, survey questionnaires will be distributed to the respondents. The survey questionnaires will consist of a broad range of questions aimed at finding out the effects of watching anime and reading manga to the respondents’ studying habits. Each questionnaire will have 3 parts. The first part of the questionnaire will regard the personal background of the respondent. The second part will find out the amount of time the respondents allow themselves to be exposed to anime and manga. The third part will determine the effects of watching anime and reading manga on the respondents’ studying habits.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The statistical treatment of the data was mainly to get the percentage and the weighted mean.


Percentage = (frequency / Total number of respondents) x 100


Weighted mean = ∑ƒx / N


where :


ƒ = frequency
x = weight
N = number of respondents
∑ = sum

alcuizar and gamboa chap 3 (comments in parentheses in between sentences)

STUDY FRAMEWORK
Theoretical Framework
Sigmund Freud’s Personality Theory
Sigmund Freud (as cited in Rychlack, 1981) stated that the concept of personality is a “dualism”, which means that mans decisions and actions are affected by two interrelating spheres, the “psyche” (mind) and the “soma” (body). This dualism also implies that what is perceived by the different senses to the body is processed by the mind and what the mind’s reaction to such stimuli is acted upon by the body.
In connection to the mind or “soma”, Sigmund Freud (as cited in Rychlack, 1981) affirmed that the mental structural construct of the mind is divided into three sections: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The conscious section is the link between reality and the mind. It is also the receiver of the sensory input of the human body. Furthermore, it is the part of the mind where memory images are made and memories are kept. The unconscious section, on the other hand, is the keeper of human ideas, thoughts, and images. It is the part of the mind where human actions are formulated. Preconscious, the last section of the mental structure of the mind, bridges the preceding two sections: the conscious and the unconscious. It is in the preconscious part of the mind where the screening of the act or the response happens.
Freud (as cited in Rychlak, 1981) further developed his mental construct to a more specific one, which he also divided into three parts: id, ego, and superego. According to Freud (as cited in Rychlak, 1981), id, which resides in the unconscious part of the mind, refers to the “animalistic” side of man’s nature. He added that id follows the pleasure principle wherein it pursues the egoistic desire for "pleasure" and "satisfaction" that may be unreasonable or even barbaric. On the other hand, ego, which come (subject verb ) in contact to all three levels (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious) but is largely situated in the conscious, originated from id but differs in the means of achieving what it wants (Freud, as cited in Rychlak, 1981). It stands for good reason and good sense. Last but not the least is the superego. The superego, which also originated from id, characterizes our conscience. It distinguishes what is good and what is bad depending on what society has taught. Though superego originated from the pleasure seeking side of man’s nature, it strives to suppress the urges of id and tells ego to do what is normally right (Freud, as cited in Rychlak, 1981).
Abraham H. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation
A. H. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation states that the feeling of discontentment and wholeness of a person is determined by the satisfaction of his/her basic needs by which the needs stimulate various behavior or response in order to achieve contentment or fulfillment.
Abraham H. Maslow (as cited in Green, 2000) proposed that human behavior is motivated by factors that constitute the “integrated wholeness” of a person. These factors, also called as the human needs, are hierarchically arranged according to importance. Divided into five parts, these basic needs are visualized like a pyramid divided into five sections in which the lowest part should be satisfied first before the rest.
The starting point of the hierarchy of basic needs is the physiological needs. This need refers to the bodily needs of a person when it comes to food and water. The second part belongs to the safety needs, or the need to be free from danger and threats. This is followed by the need to fit into a group and be accepted, better known as the love and belongingness need. In the fourth part of the hierarchy is the self-esteem need of a person. This need can be divided into two: the desire for strength, competence, and confidence, and the aspiration for respect and recognition by other people. The last need, which lies in the topmost of the hierarchy, is the need for fulfillment. A person may find himself/herself incomplete and unsatisfied if that person doesn’t do the role he/she thinks is fitted for him/her, or if he/she is unable to do what he dreams to do.
The next page contains Figure 1 which shows the relationship of the two theories that play an enormous role in determining the true nature of man: Freud’s Theory of Personality and Maslow’s Theory of Motivation. Using Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Personality, the researchers aim to know the nature of man through his/her ways of achieving the basic needs, which is based on A.H. Maslow’s Theory of Motivation.




Figure 1

Conceptual Framework
This framework shows the relationship between The Theory of Personality by Sigmund Freud and The Theory of Motivation by A.H. Maslow and how these two relates to the researcher’s variables.
The framework begins with Freud’s theory --- man’s mind can be classified into id, ego, and superego. Whichever of the three dominates man’s mind, it determines his/her means and ways in achieving the physiological needs which refer to the bodily needs of a person (e.g. food, water, sleep, etc.). If man had already satiated his/her first need, he/she then craves to achieve the second need --- the need to feel safe and secure. After that, he/she then yearns to belong and be accepted, which is actually the third basic need. If man had already acquired the third need, he/she then reaches to get the fourth need --- the need to feel respected and appreciated. If he/she was able to achieve all the prior four needs, then he/she is ready to achieve what’s in the top of the hierarchy --- the necessity to have purpose in life.
If given the instance where the person’s id is dominant in his/her nature, the means of achieving his/her satisfaction of needs differ compared to the ego-dominant person and the superego-dominant person. Because the id is a pleasure-seeking side of man, it does not take in consideration the effects it does to others or to the environment as long as he/she fulfills the need. Therefore, what is dominant in the nature of man defines decisions and actions to certain situations (basic needs).
Fig. 2 shows the three aspects of the nature of man which are the id, ego and superego. It also shows the different factors affecting the decisions and actions of man: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, self- esteem needs and self-fulfillment needs.




Figure 2

Operational Framework
This framework shows that each of the character in the novel have diverse dominant aspect in their nature (id, ego and superego). This dominant nature of the characters determines their reactions to certain situations. These situations are stimulated by the need to satisfy the basic necessities, specifically the needs of the characters isolated in the island on the novel of William Golding.
The knowledge about the hierarchy of needs by A. H. Maslow can be redefined explicitly to the situations in the novel. The bodily needs of the characters in the novel refer to the scarcity of food, cleanliness of water, and deficiency of rest. The safety/security need on the other hand, is portrayed in the novel as the lack of shelter and scarcity of clothes. Focusing on the social needs, each character in the novel has the need to belong to a group in order to increase the probability of survival in the island. The desire of recognition and respect is also an essential need of the characters. Finally, the need for self-actualization of the characters is the last necessity to achieve the feeling of wholeness and contentment.
Fig. 3 specifies the connection of the nature of the characters in novel Lord of the Flies and the basic factors in the island to the decisions and actions of each character. These actions and decisions then determine the nature of each character.
Hence, the nature of each character and the hierarchy of basic needs affect their decisions that led to those actions that happened in the novel, Lord of the Flies.



Figure 3

alcuizar and gamboa chap 4 (comments in parentheses in between sentences)

CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study is a descriptive type of research which is a kind of scientific method that revolves around observations of the behavior of a subject without manipulating the variables involved. (not enough; specify that under descriptive is textual analysis and define it) The main objective of this study is to define the nature of man in the novel of William Golding,Lord of the Flies, through the decisions and actions of each character of the book when factors pertaining to their needs for survival arise.

Subjects
The respondents of this study are the characters in the novel Lord of the Flies of William Golding. Specifically, the characters Ralph, Simon, Piggy and Jack in Golding’s novel that was first published in 1954 are the main subjects of this study. These characters are British boys, ages ranging from six to twelve, who were trapped in an isolated island due to a plane crash. These youngsters, without the guidance of adults, try to survive in the island by uniting and creating their own laws and rules.
Ralph is one of the oldest boys in the mob. He was elected as their leader after he called for an assembly using a conch to signal the others and gather them up in one place. Jack, another main character in the novel, is the leader of the choir of boys that survived in the accident. He is the character in the novel that turns out to be the leader of the group’s hunters for meat. Piggy is a fat asthmatic boy who wears thick spectacles and is the first person seen by Ralph when they crashed in the island. He is the person who always gives out his suggestions on how things should be done even though his proposals are sometimes rejected by the group. He is sometimes bullied by the people in the island and always seen together with Ralph. The last subject for this research is Simon. Simon is a weak boy who enjoys being alone and exploring the island on his own. He is helpful to everyone and though not realized by the boys, he is portrayed to be insightful for he was the first one to realize who the beast really is.

Data Collection
In order to analyze the nature of man, situations will be taken from the novel. Each instances/situations that will be used for the character analysis will be chosen depending on its relevance to the basic needs of the characters for survival. The researchers will examine the different behaviors of the characters in each of the gathered situations. The data that will be gathered will be used in the psychoanalysis of the nature of man.

Instrumentation
In order to select the situations to be used in the analysis, A. H. Maslow’s Theory on Motivation, specifically the Hierarchy of Man’s needs, (enumerate) will be used in gathering the data (confusing, not clear). Situations in the novel will be categorized on each of the five needs of man in Maslow’s Theory and will be further scrutinized using Freudian psychology.

Data Analysis
In order to determine the nature of man on each of the characters on Golding’s novel, Sigmund Freud’s Personality Theory and A. H. Maslow’s Theory of motivation will be used in the gathering of data and analysis. Using Freud’s theory, specifically the mental construct of the mind (id, ego and superego) and Maslow’s theory on the hierarchy of needs (physiological  safety  social  esteem  self-fulfillment), the researchers will observe how each characters decide or act when situation regarding their needs arise.
To explain clearly how Freud’s and Maslow’s Theory help in analyzing the nature of man; we the researchers, will use the flow shown in the operational framework (see Fig. 3 operational framework) backwards. Meaning to say, from the actions and decisions of the characters in the novel, we will identify what situation (basic need) led to such action. After getting the data from their actions from the certain situations that corresponds to their need, we will try to classify what was dominant among the three aspects of the mental construct of Freud (id, ego, and superego) that mitigated such decision/action on that certain situation. The leading aspect seen on the results will determine the true nature of man.

cavanlit macopia chap 3 (check my comments in parentheses in between sentences)

Study Framework - Second Draft

Chapter III

STUDY FRAMEWORK
The technology is creating an environment that is
answer rich, but we're question poor.
-Baroness Greenfield

Theoretical Framework
Almost every day, a new gadget or media device is introduced to the world. Specifically, these gadgets are mostly used by students to aid them in their scholastic purposes (vague) or just mere leisure usage at home.
In the knowledge-gap hypothesis which was first proposed by Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien in an article entitled “Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth In Knowledge” published in 1970 (as cited by Quijano, 2000), it has been stated that as more media information become imbued into a communal scheme, parts of the population with higher socio-economic status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate that those at the lower status. Quijano (2000) added that, far along, this hypothesis was widened and polished by other researchers as they argued that “gaps” are not only limited to knowledge but also with attitudes and behavior. McLeod, Bybee and Durall (as cited by Quijano, 2000) added that these gaps are also limited between those of high and low political interests and those between the old and young.
Based from (not a good introducer, change) the recency (it is really the term?) effect theory of Miller and Campbell (1959), our mind retains information that is recently gathered from certain events and observations in our surroundings. He also stated that given a list of things to memorize on a certain amount of time, we will have a propensity to recall easily the things that are located on the last part of the list as compared to those in the middle. This implies that the closer the information to the time of recall, the greater its chances of being recalled in a certain lapse of time.
A theory developed by Ball-Rokeach and De Fleur(as cited by Quijano, 2000) called dependency theory which stated that people have various reliance on media and these dependencies may differ from individual to individual (which makes this a fragment). The dependency theory stresses the three-way relationship between the media, audience, and the society. These three units operate to increase or decrease the amount of media dependency. Furthermore, the authors added that disorder, conflict and change produces (check subject verb agreement) an amount of uncertainty among the public which in turn, results to greater dependency on media information. Quijano (2000) added that “as societies grow more complex, and as media technology grows more complex, the media take on more and more unique functions (where is the ending quote?). Ball-Rokeach and De Fleur(as cited by Quijano, 2000) added that giving more societal functions to these media will cause greater dependency on media in that certain society.
According to Severin and Tankard (as cited by Quijano, 2000), the greater the media dependency, the greater the possibility for the audience’s feelings, behaviors and mostly the audience’s intellects to be changed.
These changes on students can also be due to other factors that are stated in the student retention theory by the Curtin University’s Student Transition and Retention Team. They pointed out in their theory that that (check) there are about ten variables that comprises (check) the student’s ability to retain information, (comma splice, which include: ) these included: individual attributes, student finances, developing relationships with prospective students, addressing the impact of pre-university education, goal commitment, institutional commitment, quality of teaching and learning, peer-group interaction, faculty interaction, and the graduate’s relationship with the University.
Figure 1 on the next page shows the flow and relationship of the given theories and hypotheses.



Conceptual Framework
We are undeniably in the era of great innovations, where everything we do becomes easy; everything we want becomes real; everything we need becomes ours in a bit.
Based on dependency theory on which it was stated (wordy, refine) that individuals have varying dependencies upon these media devices, (comma splice) with these media devices that we have now it is equally possible that people depend on them in any place they go, either at home where they do most of their personal needs or in school/office where they do their tasks (problematic structure). These media devices offers (subject verb) everyone a lot of information, and as based on the recency effect theory, these acquired information from media devices will remain in our brain for a few minutes only, unless if it is (faulty) rehearsed or is remarkably striking. Thus, it is inferred that there is a time-related variable between information and our mind. It is also addressed in the knowledge-gap hypothesis that it is not only knowledge that is affected, but also the individual’s behavior and attitude.
As these recent information fades away with time, it cannot be denied that the human brain considers tons of things during the processing of information which might lead to faster or slower loss of information. Examples of the previously stated situation are the source of information, the individual’s environment, and also the type of information, which can be seen in the student retention theory. (where are your variables here to be explained by your theories? Where are the computer, home, school, duration, retention, other affecting factors? Why are they not mentioned here when they are present in the diagram?
Figure 2 on the next page illustrates the aforementioned flow of the fundamental concepts of the study, as based on the proponents’ understandings in the course of the research.( explain the flow, name the variables, point them)



Operational Frameworks
Almost all electric sockets in the AS Lobby of UP Cebu is occupied by laptop chargers of different students from different courses but mostly dominated by Computer Science students.
Almost everyone (student?) in the computer science program has a computer or uses the computer as required by their course or by their own will, (comma splice) these hours spent in using the computer can theoretically affect their minds specifically their retention or their ability to recall a previously given information.(be specific on remembering lessons from classes)
Other factors shall also be regarded, specifically the teacher and the way he/she interacts with the students, the environment and how it affects the students, and finally, the topic if it interests the student.
The abovementioned flow of the basic operations of study is effectively shown in Figure 3 on the next page, as the researchers have logically formulated and revealed.(mention specific variables and point the direction)