perez tabaloc chap 3 (comments in parentheses in between sentences)

Chapter III
STUDY FRAMEWORK

Trying to elaborate and search deeper in determining whether the University of the Philippines Cebu 1st year and 2nd year college students are influenced by stereotypes on economic status on their impression formation towards possessions like dog ownership, the researchers assume that these target persons, which are the 1st year and 2nd year college students of UP Cebu, technically and personally have actual and unique ways of forming their impressions towards the people inside their society. Furthermore, the researchers also assume that these ways or steps taken by the target persons are affected by many sociological factors. In order to elaborate and properly distinguish whether stereotyping on the economic status of dog owners are included in the impression formation of the target persons, the researchers grounded their work on Kelley’s Model of Attribution Theory.
Kelley’s Model of Attribution Theory
Kelley’s Model of Attribution Theory was developed by a social psychologist named Harold Kelley. This theory is one of the root theories of the famous Attribution Theory that was developed by Edward Jones, Fritz Heider, Keith Davis, and Harold Kelley himself. The Attribution Theory referred to above focuses in the social perception of the people in the society (Heider, et al., 1958). Upon saying social perception (saying?), it refers to social insights or intuition of a person in all the other entities in the society (why not say social perception refers to…). The whole idea of the Attribution Theory suggests that people infer to the information (vague) of the person they are describing for them to create their social perception for that person (Fiske, et all., 2008). For example, a person is instructed to describe what kind of house an (check) specific person has. Thus, the first thing the person should do is to visit or see the house of the other person so that he could gather some information of the house the other person has. (going round, state directly) From those informations (grammar) he has gathered, he can then form a description on what kind of house the other person has. The case given in the example is the same as how a certain person forms his social perception towards another person. (it is only a description of a house, but not a perception on the person based on the kind of house that person has)That is how Attribution Theory explains how social perceptions are formed towards the people in the society. (explain clearly, completely the theory)
Being one of the root theories of the Attribution Theory, Kelley’s Model of Attribution Theory also imparts in the explanation (vague, use clear words) of some aspects on self perception towards people. According to Kelley (1967) this theory (no break) explains how individuals establish the validity of their own or of another person’s impression of an object. It is assumed that each individual in the society form their own impression towards an object. The theory wants to determine or establish precisely how valid or acceptable for the society the impression of the individual is. Furthermore, Kelley (1967) emphasized that his theory is concerned in the subjective experience of attributional validity or simply, on what subjective factors affect the validity of the impression of the person.
Kelley’s Model of the Attribution Theory also carries the idea that certain informations (check) are necessary in order for a person to fully describe another person. (what kind of information?) This idea is carried in Kelley’s Model of the Attribution Theory to acknowledge the importance of information gathered by a certain person to weigh the validity of the impression of the person towards another person. Thus, Kelley (1967) proposed that people or perceivers may absorb three kinds of information that they could possibly extract from the person they would like to describe. The three kinds of information are; Consensus information, Distinctiveness information, and Consistency information. A Consensus information is an information that a person acquires for him to be fully informed if all or only few people are not deviant to the person to be described, which can be simply addressed to as the stimulus, in the same way as the target person (lengthy, confusing). Upon saying “target person/s”, it refers to the crowd or the individual that will be tested in order to determine the validity of the statements created. The Distinctiveness information is another information that a person acquires to distinguish whether the target person also responds accordingly to other stimuli. (transition) Consistency information fully explains whether the target person/s always respond in the same way to his stimulus. These informations (check grammar) are necessary to be taken account for the perceiver to actually establish how valid the impression created by target person/s toward the stimulus/stimuli. (weak paragraph. Lack coherence, and description is vague)
For the synthesis of Kelley’s Model of the Attribution Theory, Kelley (1967) stated that the theory has the following essential variables; the stimuli, the Consensus information, the Distinctiveness information, the Consistency information, and the formation of the social perception itself.( for the synthesis? Loose sentence)
The ideas of Kelley’s Model of Attribution Theory will sufficiently equip the researchers with the needed information necessary in the analysis of the research data. Furthermore, the theory can be best shown in the figure found next page. The figure shows that the stimulus which is the center of interaction, Kelley’s Model of the Attribution Theory and finally the impression formation are all necessary parts of the theory and that these variables can be considered as principal factors that may serve as a guide to the researchers in the analysis of the research data.(generalized. Make the direction very clear.how one variable affects the other.remove unnecessary words.point the direction of variables, remove to guide in your analysis thing.)
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The researchers will ground their study on Attribution Theory focusing more on Kelley’s Model of the Attribution Theory. The variables of the researchers’ current study, which is to determine whether there is stereotyping on dog ownership, matches (subject verb agreement) those of the theory mentioned earlier.
The theory on the validity of a social perception which is Kelley’s Model of the Attribution Theory is supported by the Attribution Theory which states that impression formation naturally occurs between entities in the society and that the person who creates the impression should initially obtain at least a single information about the other person he aims to create an impression of. In addition, the theory emphasizes that the person who propagates the impression towards another person is also subject to considering many factors in the process of his impression formation. One of the most influential factors that the person making the impression may sometimes consider is the common norm of the society which is addressed to as stereotypes. Hall (1970) states that stereotypes are personifications that are propagated and shared by a number of people in the society. He said that stereotypes occur due to common and oversimplified thinking of the people in a certain society. Moreover, he also stated that almost everyone in the society consider stereotypes as they form an impression towards another entity in the society. (stereotypes should be introduced in theoretical)
Considering the axioms that are stated above, the researchers would like to present the mechanism of conceptually relating the theoretical variables to the operational variables of the current study which can be best shown in the figure after this juncture. (useless sentence, doesn’t say a thing) The figure (where?) presents the variables that are extracted from Kelley’s Model of the Attribution Theory. These variables are the stimulus, the Distinctiveness information, the Consensus information, the Consistency information, and finally the impression formation. It can be observed that the stimulus located on the topmost part of the diagram is responded by the target persons which are denoted in the Distinctiveness information of the case. After that, the Consensus information comes in to determine whether other entities respond to the stimulus in the same way as the target persons responded to it. After that, the analysis of the Consensus and the Distinctive information are carried out with the Consistency information to determine the consistency of the informations(check). Considering external factors like other entities and stereotypes, as shown in the figure the variables are arranged according to the correct process of how a person’s impression formation propagates. By that flow of analytic process, the researchers may be able to determine how the impression formation of a certain person is shaped. (this refers to the flow of the conceptual, fig. 2. But where is the matching of theories and your variables?) conceptual is still theoretical, abstract and generalized.
OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK
In this current study involving ownership or dog ownership to be more specific, the researchers assigned the variable dog, or the Askal and purebred dogs to be more specific, as the environmental stimuli that will serve as the initial variable for the start of the process of impression formation that is the main concentration of the current study. As the researchers aim to study the impression formation of the 1st year and the 2nd year college students of the University of the Philippines Cebu, the target persons, which are the crowd to be observed and to be tested, will be the Askal dog owners, the purebred dog owners, and the non-dog owners who are in their first and second year that are officially enrolled in the 1st semester this school year 2011 – 2012 from the mentioned institution. The operational background of the current study is best shown in the figure after this juncture (awkward), which features more specific variables of the researchers’ study.
In the figure, it can be observed that the stimuli, which are the kinds of dogs is placed in the topmost part of the diagram purposively because the stimuli will encourage the start of the process of the impression formation. Responding to the stimuli are the target persons, which are introduced above as the 1st year and the 2nd year UP Cebu college students. Next comes (punctuation) the classification of the responses of the target persons whether they follow the common stereotypes on economic status as they form their impressions. The consistency analysis of the information will take place next. All the processes is (check) considered as one whole mechanism in determining whether 1st and 2nd year UP Cebu college students non-dog owners and dog owners consider stereotypes on the economic status as they form their impression towards dog owners.

perez tabaloc chap 4 (comments in parentheses in between sentences)

CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY

Research Design
In this current study of determining whether economic stereotypes on dog ownership are considered by 1st year and 2nd year college students of UP Cebu, the researchers decisioned (check) to adopt the survey research design. The concept of a survey research designn, (check) which is to use questionnaires, interviews, etc will be adopted by the researchers in their study (SO WHAT IS IT?DEFINE). The researchers will also use survey questionnaires that will be distributed to the respondents. For the researchers, conducting a survey to the respondents is the appropriate step to be done because the questionnaires will contain important questions and statements that will be answered by the respondents to implicitly present their side on the problem that is imposed.(REMOVE, NOT MEANT HERE) Furthermore, a survey has many types of materials like questionnaires, interviews, (SURE?)etc that the researchers perceive as effective tools in addressing the objective of the current study which is to know whether economic stereotypes on dog ownership are applied on the impression formation of the respondents towards dog owners.(REMOVE)

Sampling Procedure
The idea of purposive sampling will be used by the researchers in selecting the respondents of the current research. Purposive sampling is a type of sampling procedure that requires the proper selection of respondents. Upon saying; (huh?why semi-colon?)proper selection of respondents, this means that the respondents must first meet the requirements imposed by the researchers for him to become the appropriate respondent for the survey. The researchers presume that using purposive sampling procedure is the most efficient way of choosing the respondents for the survey of the current study because, (very long, tighten) the study is about dog owners. Although the researchers are also considering non-dog owners as respondents for the survey, the proper selection process of respondents still needs to follow the mechanism of the purposive sampling procedure because the respondents should be clustered according to the requirements that each cluster specifies. Having these clusters of respondents led the researchers in choosing purposive sampling procedure in the selection process of the respondents for the survey of the current study.(remove)

Sampling Process (remove; join the paragraph below to sampling procedure)
For this research, there will three types of ideal (omit ideal) respondents: the purebred dog owners, the askal dog owners, and the non-dog owners. A person can be considered as one of the first type of respondent (check), which is the purebred dog owner, if the person is an owner of at least one purebred dog and doesn’t owns (grammar) an askal. The same requirement also applies to the last two types of respondents. The respondents for the second type, which is the askal owners, must at least own one askal dog and doesn’t owns (check) a purebred dog. In addition, the third group of respondents, which are the non-dog owners, must never have owned a dog in their whole life. The researchers emphasize that all requirements must be satisfied by the person in order for him to be considered as one of the respondents for the survey.

Respondents and Locale of the Study
The respondents will be the 1st year and the 2nd year college students enrolled in all courses offered in the University of the Philippines Cebu. There will be 5 first year college purebred dog owners and 5 second year college purebred dog owners (10 purebred dog owners all in all). There will also be 5 first year college and 5 second year college askal dog owners (10 askal dog owners all in all). And lastly, 5 first year and 5 second year non-dog owners are also included as respondents for the study(10 non-dog owners all in all). (figure below 10, spell out. Ex five instead of 5))

Data Collection
In order to determine whether dog ownership affects stereotypes on economic status, three different questionnaires will be distributed to purebred dog owners, askal owners, and non dog owners respectively. Furthermore, the respondents will be requested to precisely answer and fill up the questions given in the questionnaire. The questionnaires will be distributed to the qualified respondents and will be collected back right after it is answered. (time frame?)

Instrumentation
Three sets of questionnaires will be distributed to three types of respondents. Each questionnaire will have three parts. The first part determines the personal information of the respondents, which includes their name, age, sex, and their course and year. The second part determined (s) their financial background basing from their STFAP bracket assignment, family’s annual income and weekly allowance. The third part is in 5 point Likert Scale form, wherein the respondents indicated (check tense) whether they strongly agree, agree, are undecided, disagree, or strongly agree to given statements. Questionnaires for purebred dog owners will have statements on common purebred dog stereotypes, common askal dog stereotype, and impression on askal dog owners. Questionnaires for askal dog owners will have statements on common askal dog stereotypes, common purebred dog stereotypes and impression on purebred dog owners. Lastly, questionnaires for non-dog owners will have statements on common purebred dog stereotypes, impression on purebred dog owners, common askal dog stereotypes and impression on askal dog owners. The statements will further emphasize how dog ownership affects stereotypes on the economic status of its owners.



Data Analysis
In order to determine whether the University of the Philippines Cebu 1st year and 2nd year students apply stereotyping in their impression formation towards the economic status of dog owners, the data gathered from the questionnaires will be tabulated and analyzed. There will three (check) types of questionnaires, thus, the information from each type of questionnaires will be precisely tabulated and analyzed according to their cases. After, the researchers will then correlate all data to determine whether the University of the Philippines Cebu 1st year and 2nd year students applies (check) stereotyping in their impression formation towards the economic status of dog owners.
In the analysis process, data collected from each type of respondent will be tabulated and will be compared to each other. We will then know whether there is a difference on common purebred dog stereotypes and common askal dog stereotypes from the three types of respondents. We will also know whether there is a difference on the impression on purebred dog owners from askal owners and non-dog owners. Lastly, whether there is a difference on the impression on askal dog owners from purebred dog owners and non-dog owners.