jakosalem, sanchez cielo

no RRL post.

bual watin

you do not have RRL post until now.

sanchez rosa

1. This chapter is for the purpose (weak, change)
2. to previous studies that has been (check grammar)
3. states that, "Mental health is not just the absence of mental disorder. It is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community". (page no.)
4. Moreover mental illness is a “recognizable change in thoughts, feelings and general behavior of an individual brought about by neurobiological causes manifested by genetic, biochemical abnormalities and associated medical conditions and psychosocial factors in the environment which impacts on the individual.” (Cabusas et.al., 2009). (page.period should be placed after the parenthesis.
5. (Scheff, 1966; as cited by Goldstein & Wallace, 1997). (remove year after Scheff, comma after Scheff not semi colon)
6. Half or less of the low or middle income generating countries had a law regarding mental health during the year 2003, and some of them have not passed a single law up until the present. Due to this situation, the World Health Organization or WHO developed the Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems, or WHO-AIMS. (no citation of source here)
7. are the main contributors for the increase in cases of (contributors to)
8. The 1987 Philippine Constitution Article XIII states that:
"State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available to all the people at affordable cost. There shall be priority for the needs of the under-privileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers" (section, remove the quotation)ex
Example:
Miele (1993) found the following:
The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
To format a block quotation correctly you need to begin the quotation on a separate line that is indented 10 spaces from the left and right margin. The block quotation should have the same line spacing as the rest of the document.
9. Furthermore, in a study done by Atadero et. al. (2010), said that one of the (who said? You did not have Atadero as the subject)
10. that one of the negative factor that scavenger families face is prejudice. (check grammar)
11. In a research done by Ancajas et. al. (2010) where they compared grades of students of intact families from the separated ones; showed ( faulty, who showed? You begin the sentence with >in a research<, no doer of action) that those who were raised
12. On the other hand, poverty is also caused by lack of education especially (Show how is poverty related to mental illness?)
13. which is a result of or resulting to massive unemployment, ( check grammar)
14. The cause of the said killer poverty is the unequal distribution of wealth ---in favor to the powerful; and perhaps, the culture of corruption in the Philippines. (how is related to your study?)
15. The article by the Philippine Daily News Inquirer (title,writer,year)
16. On the other hand studies by Sanchez (comma after hand)
17. However, according to the 2004 Surgeon General’s report, it shows ( who shows? According? Observe reference antecedent agreement)
18. a survey done by the National Statistics office on the year 2000 (in 2000, on for complete date)
19. The findings was (check)
20. The findings was supported by the Social Weather Station Survey authorized by the Department of Health during the year 2004, showing that 0.7% of all the Filipino households have a family member that is suffering from a mental disorder. (citation of source?)
21. is struggling on depression (struggle with)
22. Since the government continued to focus on the economic problems, and neglect (tense consistency)
23. Since the government continued to focus on the economic problems, and neglect these mental health issues which according to Cabusas et.al. (2007), causing for the increase of the number of mentally-ill individuals living on the streets and leaving it all for the social workers. (not a sentence)
24. According to Amacna et. al. (2010), on their research (in their research)
25. According to Amacna et. al. (2010), on their research about middle aged perception of aging found out (faulty, redundant according and found out)
26. despite the need for professional mental health care assistance “Filipino Americans were found to underutilize public outpatient mental health services” as compared to the other Asian American groups (page 1). (where is the ending quote?)
27. These then resulted to (resulted in)
28. Physical hindrances of Asian Americans towards seeking for mental health assistance refer to the lack of awareness of the proper action and treatment towards a mental problem. In order to address the mental health issues of these groups, it is necessary that present treatments should be acceptable to the White and Asian Americans. To the Asian groups, it is necessary that they will be given help in a way that they won’t feel intimidated towards the approach. (citation forgotten)
29. The book high lights(check)
30. The Resource book they provided( resource, they who?)
31. According to the World Health Organization (year?), out of the 75% of the countries
32. In the Philippines, the Philippine House of Representatives, led by the former House Speaker Prospero Nograles and Representative Arthur Pingoy, drafted the House Bill 6679, also known as the National mental Health Care Act of 2009, just before the peak of the global recession.(source?)
33. RA 9165, known as the Dangerous Drug Act which was made known as a law that prevents drug abuse among Filipinos since it is considered a cause for mental disorders, directly and indirectly. (source?)
34. Filipino Americans way (possessive ’) of coping with depression, even though they associate less in their new society, (check/clarify associate less in….)
35. to address the problem of depression one way is the use of medications such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) (check grammar)
36. As explained in the cite of the National Institute of Mental Health (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/mental-health-medications/what-medications-are-used-to-treat-schizophrenia.shtml), Schizophrenia is treated through the use of antipsychotic drugs. (name of org only and year, no site)
37. During the year 1990, new drugs were developed, they are called(developed called…)
38. Schizophrenia is treated through the use of antipsychotic drugs. These drugs were already used even in 1950’s. These drugs are Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haloperidol (Haldol), Perphenazine (source forgotten in this paragraph)
39. In this study, Filipino Psychologists' and Psychiatrists' Approach to the Most Common Mental Illness of Cebuanos, aims to know the most (weak. Not a synthesis. Relate the previous studies to your study.relevance of those sources to your research undertaking)


Chapter II

Review of Related Literature
This chapter is for the purpose of introducing and giving account to previous studies that has been conducted regarding mental illness. This chapter is divided into four parts namely, Filipino Risks for Mental Illnesses, The Underutilization Tendencies of Filipinos, Mental Health Laws in the Philippines and in the World, and lastly, Approaches to Mental Illnesses.
To begin with, the World Health Organization (2007) as cited by Cabusas (2010) states that, "Mental health is not just the absence of mental disorder. It is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community".
A person who is able to balance his spiritual, social, emotional, and physical aspect, and comply for his duties, and “fulfill his potential” in the stages of his life is in a good mental health, according to Cabusas et. al. (2009). Moreover mental illness is a “recognizable change in thoughts, feelings and general behavior of an individual brought about by neurobiological causes manifested by genetic, biochemical abnormalities and associated medical conditions and psychosocial factors in the environment which impacts on the individual.” (Cabusas et.al., 2009). In the normative definition of abnormal behavior, what's unacceptable, unusual, and different from the society's set behavior is considered deviant (Wallace & Goldstein, 1997). The norm dictates which one's mentally-ill, and which one's not. Repeated violation of the society's standards will most likely be "considered evidence of psychopathology or mental illness" (Scheff, 1966; as cited by Goldstein & Wallace, 1997).
Mental illnesses are one of the most common disregarded health issues not only to developing countries, but to the developed countries as well, giving up to only 5% of the total Gross Domestic Product(GDP) of developed countries, and 1% or less of the total GDP of developing countries (Cabusas & et.al, 2009; Abanilla et. al., 2008). According to a research done by Abanilla (2008), in the Philippines, 3% of its GDP is invested for Health services, with only 0.02% of it is for mental health services. He added that mental illnesses are now one of the top five main causes for disabilities and is predicted to be the second in the world by the year 2020.
Half or less of the low or middle income generating countries had a law regarding mental health during the year 2003, and some of them have not passed a single law up until the present. Due to this situation, the World Health Organization or WHO developed the Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems, or WHO-AIMS. WHO-AIMS was developed to provide needed tools to help countries evaluate the mental health of their people. WHO-AIMS is also a guide as to what law or proper action should be done to address the problem of mental health. The WHO-AIMS tool, renders a pattern for proficient personalities in the field of Mental Health care to be able to find important data on the six aspects of the systems of the latter. As stated by the World Health Organization which was cited by Abanilla et. al. (2008), the six aspects of the system of WHO-AIMS are the Policy and legislative framework, mental health services, mental health in primary care, human resources, education of the public at large, and monitoring and research. Currently, evaluations on WHO-AIMS tool are done by different researchers.
Filipinos Risks for Mental Illnessess
The effects of topographic, economic, and political problems in the Philippines are the main contributors for the increase in cases of mental illness among Filipinos (Cabusas et. al., 2007). Furthermore, these aspects, because of their huge impact on the society ---rise in crime rates, child abuse, death, and domestic violence ---are making the Filipinos more vulnerable to mental illnesses. Cabusas et. al. added that this problem was felt on the latter part of the year 2007 where cases of suicide, and annihilation of their own family members were reported due to hopelessness to provide for a good future. On the other hand, a research done by Cabsllero et. al. (2010) on rock music and tendencies cited the International Law (2001) which states that the cases of suicide among teenagers maybe due to aggressiveness brought by rock music. They added that suicide cases are higher to heavy metal fans. Therefore, rock music maybe one of the reasons for suicide among teenagers in the Philippines since it is the teenagers who are more into rock music.
According to the Psychiatric Association, up to 20% of adults and 10-15% of children are suffering from mental illness due to exposure to life’s extreme situation such as the continuing violence in the country due to conflicts of different groups ---Muslim separatists, and NPAs (Sreeraman, 2007).
During the year 1985, 59.3 percent of the total population of the Philippines was under the poverty line, and increased during the year 1988 where 30,000,000 - 35,000,000 are already living in extreme poverty (Adem, 1992). Poverty, which comprises more than half of the total population in the Philippines, and as one of the biggest factors for Filipinos’ vulnerability to mental illness, is sadly rising up until the present. In Metro Cebu, a research from the Cebu Normal University featured scavengers or street families. Considering Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, the study, by Ayuda et.al.(2010), showed that the featured families’ needs for Physiological (food, water, clothing, and sleep), safety, love and belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization (which is the motivation to realize one’s own potential) weren’t satisfied. The data gathered by Ayuda et. al. (2010) is an enough proof that the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIII, Section 11, wasn’t satisfied. The 1987 Philippine Constitution Article XIII states that:
"State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available to all the people at affordable cost. There shall be priority for the needs of the under-privileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers"
Furthermore, in a study done by Atadero et. al. (2010), said that one of the negative factor that scavenger families face is prejudice. Michael Moga (1995), as cited by Atadero, said that people who are prejudiced won’t be aware of the “pain, fears, and longings in their hearts”. They tend to disregard their own needs and want just to address first other’s needs.
On the other hand, poverty is also caused by lack of education especially in the present where many are jobless since society’s standards rose. In a research done by Ancajas et. al. (2010) where they compared grades of students of intact families from the separated ones; showed that those who were raised by single moms, who’s parent is working abroad, and others raised by their relatives are found out to have lower grades than the students who are living with both mother and father.
Looking at the Philippines current economic situation, where inequality is clearly seen (the rich as so rich, and the poor as so poor), which is a result of or resulting to massive unemployment, lack of proper education, massive homeless people, and most of all, continuing poverty. Most of the people, born of the poverty line, was never lifted from their situation and is continuingly, and even more, suffering from poverty every year (Adem, 1992). The cause of the said killer poverty is the unequal distribution of wealth ---in favor to the powerful; and perhaps, the culture of corruption in the Philippines.
The article by the Philippine Daily News Inquirer shows that 3 out of 10 government employees are suffering from mental health problems. The common mental problems experienced by these people, shown after using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) which was recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Psychiatric Association (APA), are anxiety disorders and depression. Based on the 2007 survey, most of those who acquire mental health problems are suffering from hard family situations and were also lacking on proper education. These results were comparable to the data gathered from a survey done by Dr. Antonio Perlas in the year 1994, with 3,000 respondents from the Region VI, showing that two people out of ten are suffering from anxiety disorders, panic disorder, phobia, and general depression (Pazzibugan, 2010).
On the other hand studies by Sanchez & Gaw (2007) showed that Filipino immigrants in the United States are on a high risk for depression compared to other Asian immigrants, due to socioeconomic and employment status. Sanchez and Gaw stated that on social health cares in the US, 14% of the diagnosed patients are Asian Americans and a large part of that 14% are Filipino immigrants. However, according to the 2004 Surgeon General’s report, it shows there that Filipinos has lesser cases of suicide compared with the White Americans. Perhaps, the said lower rate of suicide among Filipinos in the United States is due to a Filipino’s culture of a family and other support system, and of a great influence of Catholicism (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007). Family, according to Miralao (1997), as cited by Ancajas et. al. (2010) further said that the family is the “central unit” of the Filipinos’ “network of social relations”.
In the Philippines, a survey done by the National Statistics office on the year 2000, found out that mental illness was the 3rd main cause for disabilities in the country, where 88 among 100,000 people are suffering from a mental disorder and most of them are older people. The findings was supported by the Social Weather Station Survey authorized by the Department of Health during the year 2004, showing that 0.7% of all the Filipino households have a family member that is suffering from a mental disorder.
In a recent study in the Philippines done by the National Epidemiology Center during the year 2006, it was shown that among 327 respondents from 20 Government Agencies 32%, at least once suffered a mental illness in their lifetime. The three most common mental illnesses among these respondents are phobias, which afflicted 15% of the respondents that once had a mental illness; alcohol abuse, 10%; and depression with 6%. Most of these people are of age 20-29 with a large family and low educational attainment (DOH, 2007).
During the year 2005, a research done by the University of the Philippines showed that 45% of the young Filipino population is struggling on depression. Since the government continued to focus on the economic problems, and neglect these mental health issues which according to Cabusas et.al. (2007), causing for the increase of the number of mentally-ill individuals living on the streets and leaving it all for the social workers.
Depression is the most common mental illness even among Americans (Time Magazine, 1972). Time Magazine stated that patients suffering from this illness reached a great number of 1,000,000 to 8,000,000 Americans, and 250,000 of them were required for hospitalization. Since little about depression was known then, electric shocks were used as a treatment since they’ve found out that those patients who suffered convulsion becomes less melancholic. This gave them the idea of using shock therapy. Shock therapy is often used by political and other public figures in America since it is said to be cheaper than counseling. Nevertheless, it was still considered dangerous and should be used only as the last option.
Depression, according to Carney(2005), is a mental illness that could affect the way a person thinks about himself, on the things around him, and could affect his daily activities such as his eating and sleeping habits. Depression doesn’t just go away, the person suffering from it needs serious attention and treatment. This is a common mental illness also affecting the elder people. Carney further added that depression is a common, but not a healthy response for aging. According to Amacna et. al. (2010), on their research about middle aged perception of aging found out that women have more negative impression about aging in terms of physical, cognitive, and the social aspect than men. In addition to Amacna et. al. results, middle aged people’s concern for money are higher.

Underutilization Tendencies of Filipinos
According to a research done by Sanchez & Gaw (2007), Filipino Americans are one of the fastest growing Asian American groups in the United States, next to the Chinese Americans. Almost 2.9 million Filipinos are already living in the United States mainly at California, Hawaii, and the East Coast. Furthermore, it is said that by the year 2030, the Filipino immigrants’ number will rise up to four million. Even to this great number at the present, little about the Filipino Americans’ mental issues is known. Sanchez & Gaw added that due to the differences in culture and values, many of them faced “emotional and behavioral challenges” in their attempt to adapt to the western culture.
Filipino Americans, compared to other Asian American groups, is said to have one of the highest negative responses about psychotherapeutic services (Baello & Mori, 2007). It is said, based on the latter’s data gathered from 162 Filipino participants, those who cling more to Asian Values, where having to ask for mental health assistance is a shame not only to the person but also for the family, will most of the time won’t ask for professional care. Asian values of “save your face” from shame has a large impact on Asian Americans especially Filipino Americans. Baello and Mori added that since Asians have close family ties, they’re more likely to ask for help from their own family members than outside the group such as psychiatrists.
Kuo (1984), as a source of Baello and Mori, found out from his research that “Filipino Americans had one of the highest level of depressive symptoms of all Asian ethnic groups in the United States, second only to the Korean Americans” (page 1). Another fact gathered is that Filipino Americans, compared to white Americans, has a greater chance to acquire depression (Tompar-Tui & Sustento-Seneriches, 1995; as cited by Baello & Mori, 2007). Nevertheless, according to Ying & Hu (1994), despite the need for professional mental health care assistance “Filipino Americans were found to underutilize public outpatient mental health services” as compared to the other Asian American groups (page 1).
Filipino Americans are said to underutilize available mental help in the US due to cultural barriers and their still adapting stage for the new environment which makes them uncomfortable. This shows how Asian values greatly differ from the western, and how they greatly affect the immigrants (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007).
There are four hindrances for Filipino Americans as well as other Asian American groups which prevent them from asking for mental health assistance, namely: the cognitive, affective, value orientation, and physical hindrances. The cognitive restraint is about the misconceptions regarding mental illness, brought by culture of origin (Leong & Lau, 2001; as cited by Baello & Mori, 2007). Filipino Americans, compared to other Asian groups in America, believe on supernatural causes rather than the scientific ones therefore treating it in a non-scientific way (Edman & Johnson, 1999; as cited by Baello & Mori, 2007).
. According to Leong & Lau (2001), as cited by Baello & Mori (2007), the affective restraint is related to the “culturally affective responses of Asian Americans for treatment”. Mostly Filipino Americans will choose to keep to themselves issues regarding their mental health to save their selves from shame.
Value orientation on the other hand has something to do with an individualistic and collectivistic thinking. To Asian Americans, they tend to try to fit in to their desired or preferred group of individuals. According to a study done in Hawaii by Sanchez & Gaw (2007), Filipino immigrants are mostly misinterpreted by the non-Filipinos and less about them are known because they don’t socialize. Filipino immigrants tend to isolate themselves to non-Filipinos and would only communicate with other Filipino immigrants there. These then resulted to the underutilization of the Filipino American group for mental health assistance outside their preferred group of people such as family, friends, etc... This is very different from the western approach or value of open communication.
Physical hindrances of Asian Americans towards seeking for mental health assistance refer to the lack of awareness of the proper action and treatment towards a mental problem. In order to address the mental health issues of these groups, it is necessary that present treatments should be acceptable to the White and Asian Americans. To the Asian groups, it is necessary that they will be given help in a way that they won’t feel intimidated towards the approach. This means modern treatments should be sensitive to the values and culture of these mixed American groups’ culture and origin (Leong & Lau, 2001; Edman & Johnson, 1999; Sanchez & Gaw, 2007).

Mental Health Laws in the Philippines and in the World
The World Health Organization made a resource book on human health, human rights, and legislation for countries to use as a guide in making a law that will “protect, promote and improve” the mental conditions of the people. The resource book was designed in a way that countries could use it as a guide on what mental health legislations they must produce that will best fit to their specific situations. The book high lights the importance of the Universal Human rights to be followed, since people experiencing a mental disorder are most of the time not respected by others and are detached from the community since some refuse to accept them. The Resource book they provided aimed to meet “human right standards” in making “human right oriented legislations” (WHO, 2005).
According to the World Health Organization, out of the 75% of the countries having mental health legislation, only 51% of them had their laws promulgated by the year 1990; and 15% still had not updated their laws which were made during the pre1960’s. Indeed, countries are more into making laws that, mental patients pose danger to society and must be isolated, instead of focusing on promoting and protecting the rights of these individuals as humans. They are considered threats by these countries, but to really help them in their situation is not in their big plan. These countries seem to consider them as dangerous and not really people that need help. WHO (2005) clearly stated that a good legislation will be able to address the following issues:
1. establishment of high quality mental health facilities and services;
2. access to quality mental health care;
3. protection of human rights;
4. patients’ right to treatment;
5. development of robust procedural protections;
6. integration of persons with mental disorders into the community; and
7. promotion of mental health throughout society (page 2).
As stated above, legislations should address the following issues of equality for the mentally disabled. They must be treated with respect, and the rights which include, the right for free access to medical treatments, the right to get quality medication, and it also includes the right to have a job (WHO, 2005).
In the Philippines, the Philippine House of Representatives, led by the former House Speaker Prospero Nograles and Representative Arthur Pingoy, drafted the House Bill 6679, also known as the National mental Health Care Act of 2009, just before the peak of the global recession. Knowing that the Philippines is not focusing on mental illnesses, this bill focused and aimed to lessen the rising cases of mental illness among Filipinos, and to reduce its risks.
RA 9165, known as the Dangerous Drug Act which was made known as a law that prevents drug abuse among Filipinos since it is considered a cause for mental disorders, directly and indirectly. On the other hand, the Department of Health promulgated the National Mental Health Policy, also known as Administrative Order No. 8 s. 2001, which aimed for the betterment of the mental health of the Filipinos and to unify services for the people suffering from a mental disorder (DOH, 2007). As to a mental health law which protects the rights and acknowledges the needs of individuals with mental illness, nothing has been passed yet.

Approaches to Mental Illnesses
The World Health Organization (2005) said that almost 340 million people are struck by depression, 45 million on schizophrenia, and 29 million people are suffering from dementia. Mental disorders are one of the causes for disabilities in the world.
Depression, as stated earlier, is a mental illness that affects the way a person thinks about himself, on the things around him, and affects his daily activities such as his eating and sleeping habits. Sadly, it just doesn’t go away, even if the person wishes to. The person suffering from it needs serious attention and treatment (Carney, 2005).
As what the WHO (2005) said, a great number of 340 million people from all around the world are suffering from depression which is no doubt making it a very big problem, but less treated especially in the Philippines. Filipino Americans way of coping with depression, even though they associate less in their new society, is their comfort groups such as family and friends. This is a most common Filipino way of dealing with problems which results to the underutilization of the provided mental assistance, unlike the western culture which uses a lot of medical and psychotherapeutic approach to address a common problem in mental health such as depression (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007).
In the Philippines, since many are below poverty line, and it has been said that problems on finance, work and etc. could lead to depression, many of these poor Filipinos are suffering from the latter yet they can’t have a free access to mental treatments because they can’t afford. The extreme case of poverty in the Philippines is basically the reason why “taong grasa” or mentally-ill individuals could be found in the streets. Like what the World Health Organization said, these people are mistreated, isolated, considered threats to the society, and are unloved by most of the people since laws weren’t promoted regarding their human rights.
Treatments for depression vary, depending on the type of depression a person is experiencing, and the level of depression the person has. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2008), to address the problem of depression one way is the use of medications such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs). In the case of Bipolar disorder, which is characterized by “severe highs (mania) and severe lows (depression)”, lithium has been used to treat this to calm the mood swings of the person. However, patients suffering from heart, kidney, thyroid problems, or epilepsy should not be allowed to take lithium though it really has been proven to calm down mood swings. Other medicines cited by NIMH are carbamazepine (Tegretol®), valporate (Depakote®), lamotrigine (Lamictal®) and gabapentin (Neurontin®).
NIMH (2008) stated that nn herbal medicine is also used these days. In Germany, many prefer to use St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), than other antidepressants. It is an herb which is used to treat mild and moderate depression in Europe. Further studies were still done in order to really test the effectiveness and dangers of this herbal medicine.
Another way to solve the problem of mental illness, as added by NIMH (2008), is through psychotherapies, which are also of good use. There are many types of psychotherapy with a specific therapist expert on that type. Some uses the “talking therapy” which just allows the individual to talk as a way of expressing emotion and to be able to understand and resolve the cause of the depression. Another is “Behavioral” therapy helps the patients gain satisfaction and “reward through their own action”. Behavioral therapy will also help them to toss away their specific behavior that contributed to their depression (NIMH, 2008).
Other psychotherapies that are of good help are interpersonal and cognitive/behavioral therapies. The Cognitive/behavioral therapy is done in a way that the pessimism of the patient is changed in the session in order to help him/her get through the depressive state. On the other hand, the interpersonal therapy is to focus on the relational aspect of the patient that may have triggered, or caused the depression (NIMH, 2008).
Another type of Psychotherapy as explained by NIMH (2008) are the Psychodynamic therapies. Psychodynamic therapies are also used to resolve the “patient’s conflicted feelings” as a way of treating depression in the patient. ECT or Electroconvulsive Therapy is used for patients with severe depression, accompanied by life threatening and when the patients are not advisable to take antidepressant medications.
As explained in the cite of the National Institute of Mental Health (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/mental-health-medications/what-medications-are-used-to-treat-schizophrenia.shtml), Schizophrenia is treated through the use of antipsychotic drugs. These drugs were already used even in 1950’s. These drugs are Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haloperidol (Haldol), Perphenazine (generic only) and Fluphenazine (generic only). During the year 1990, new drugs were developed, they are called “atypical” antipsychotic drugs. One of these is Clozapine (clozaril). Clozapine is effective yet can cause agranulocytosis, a condition where the number of white blood cells decreases. Other “atypical” antipsychotic drugs that are also effective and cannot cause agranulocytosis are Risperidone (Risperdal), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Quetiapine (Seroquel), and Ziprasidone (Geodon). There are other treatments for mental illness depending on what particularly is the patient’s illness is. These treatments are treatments done specifically for Depression and Schizophrenia cases.
In this study, Filipino Psychologists' and Psychiatrists' Approach to the Most Common Mental Illness of Cebuanos, aims to know the most common mental illness of cebuanos based on the record of Vicente Sotto Memorial Hospital’s asylum, and the approach or method of treatment used by Filipino Psychiatrists and Psychologists. This is to help the growing mental problems of the Filipinos, basically of the Cebuanos.

singco,colina

1. Begin a paragraph showing the organization of your chapter, varied sources that discuss the different ideas..
2. …education so they can train for a proper career in the future. (check construction)
3. This includes colleges that the student is already familiar with and those he (gender bias, she/he)
4. Thirdly, it is best for the student to let himself (himself/herself) be accompanied by trusted people
5. as “an occupation or profession which one trains for or pursues as a life work”. (p. 214) (period after the parenthesis)
6. person because if shapes much of his life (check construction)
7. But now, humans also need “satisfaction from a sense of service, and professional status (p.17)”. (parenthesis outside quotation)
8. er interests. (Gardner & Jewler, 2000) (period should be after parenthesis)
9. Robert Hoppock (as cited by Taghoy 1994) presented (tense consistency, you had used past erlier)
10. Parents sometimes expect too much from (of) their children,
11. Jones (1963) defines guidance as “the assistance given to individuals in making intelligent choices and adjustments”. (page no.)
12. “engaged in the performance of the service role and share in the discharge of coordinating functions and supportive roles (p.6)” (parenthesis outside quotation)
13. Good closing paragraph


CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Every year, many high school graduates attempt to get into different universities and colleges in the country to advance to the tertiary level of education so they can train for a proper career in the future. Calvert Jr. and Steele (1963), assert this by stating that a college education is important economically (because it is one thing employers look for in their employees in order to make sure their companies flourish) and socially (school boards, organizations and agencies for example, usually appoint college graduates as their leaders or their representatives). Through this, college training develops a person both academically and personally. Yet in the process of planning a college education, one of the biggest issues always comes up: choosing a course. To understand this issue, we first have to look at things taken into consideration when planning to go to college: understanding one’s motive for going to college, and then choosing what university to enroll in. After these is where choosing a course comes in, which is not easy to do, because a lot of factors—family pressure and guidance counseling included—influence this decision, and these factors need to be analyzed.

Going back to the start of the college application process, students are aware of the benefits of a college education, and these learners have a wide variety of reasons for trying to get one. Hettich (1998) says that when one decides to go to college, he or she always has certain motives for doing so, and these motives are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic. To put Hettich’s thought into other words, one’s motive for going to college might be centered on one’s self, or it can be centered on other factors such as the people and environment around him.

Once the student has decided that he does want to go to college, he then starts making decisions about how to go about his college life. With the vast array of choices presented in the world of college, decision-making becomes very important. Thagard (2001) stresses the significance of decision making by explaining that one cannot make the right decision by purely relying on either “gut instinct” or on “systematic models on decision-making” presented by psychologists and the like. Thagard explains that to attempt making the right choices, decision-making should come in not just one, but three levels: decision as intuition, as calculation, and as coherence.

The first of these important decisions that the student will have to make is selecting which university to enroll in. According to the American Educational Guidance Center (2000), there are three certain guidelines one needs to follow in the process of deciding where to go for college. Firstly, one should avoid finalizing a college choice without investigating other universities first. This includes colleges that the student is already familiar with and those he doesn’t know much about. Secondly, applying for a particular college just because one’s friends are planning to go there must also be avoided at all costs. Thirdly, it is best for the student to let himself be accompanied by trusted people, such as family, when exploring the different universities, so he can readily consult other opinions rather than merely his own. Lastly, the AEGC also avers that discussing his observations and options with his family and/or a counselor is also useful to maximize the information he has gathered so far.

After choosing a university, another essential thing to consider in planning for college is choosing one’s course. Choosing the right course is important because it determines ones future career. But first, the word ‘career’ must be defined clearly. Based from Guralnik, (as cited by Drummond & Ryan, 1995), a career can be defined as “an occupation or profession which one trains for or pursues as a life work”. (p. 214)

Calvert Jr. and Steele (1963), stress the importance of sensible career planning:

College training, however, must be properly harnessed to be of value. A college degree does not of itself provide the necessary vocational direction. College graduates frequently flounder, changing jobs and direction, with consequent personal and financial dislocation. As the opportunities increase, so do the chances of making a wrong choice. The wider the choice of jobs, the more important career planning becomes. (p. 7)

Fredrickson (1982) supports Calvert by saying that planning a career is crucial both for a person and his community. Career planning is useful in a person because if shapes much of his life, according to him. He says that it also benefits the community, because the community thrives on its members who use their abilities to foster growth within, and to answer to the community’s needs. Sadly, a lot of career planning is done without thorough knowledge. Fredrickson phrases it this way:

Would you buy a used car after just walking around it and kicking the tires once or twice? Certainly not. You would want to know something about the history of the car and its mechanical condition. But “kicking the tires” is what many people do in making the most crucial decision in their lives: that of choosing an occupation.(p.1)

Calvert and Steele (1963), on the topic of vocational objective, also emphasize the importance of choosing a career for the choice will eventually affect the individual’s life largely. Decades ago, people strove to fulfill only the most basic needs: food, clothing and shelter. But now, humans also need “satisfaction from a sense of service, and professional status (p.17)”. Calvert and Steele also advise that students who plan on maximizing their professional education should already be aware of their career goals during their early college days.

Usually, this process of choosing a college course is subjected to many factors, related to the person involved and his or her interests. (Gardner & Jewler, 2000) These include the individual’s “interests, skills, aptitudes, personality, life goals and work values” (p. 197).

Robert Hoppock (as cited by Taghoy 1994) presented a few guidelines that serve as the framework of his theory on “occupational choice”:

1. The occupation that we choose is the one that we believe will best meet the needs that most concern us.

2. Information about ourselves affects occupation choice by helping us recognize what we want, and by helping us to anticipate whether or not we will be successful in the contemplated occupation.

3. Occupations are chosen to meet needs. Every individual has many needs. Some of them are essentially physical such as, the need for food, rest and shelter. Other needs can be more properly described as psychological in nature, such as the need to maintain contact with others, and to feel a sense of success or accomplishment.(p.5)

There are also other theories on the various bases for one’s career or course decisions. Edwin Herr (1968) explains that there are “several models of decision-making that add insight to the process of college-choice” (p.64). The first is the “trait and factor” model, which involves an individual matching his characteristics with a career choice which requires the traits he possesses. The second model is founded on an economic principle, which assumes that the student selects a college which will “maximize his gain and minimize his losses” (p. 65). These gains and losses do not necessarily have to be financial—rather, they are subject to the individual’s personal views. The third model or the “social structure” model concentrates on the limits presented by a person’s social class (especially those who are not in the upper classes of society), concentrated on the lack of knowledge on educational opportunities available to the individual. This is mainly because the person can also gather only a little “supportive information” from his community. The fourth model is the “information processing” model, where the person is overwhelmed with a wide array of choices and information, and as a result, makes an impulsive choice without truly weighing the factors properly and thinking them through. Herr’s last model is the “need reduction” model, which assumes that a person already possesses an image of himself, or a concept of his interests or personality. The individual then applies this image of himself when choosing a college career to make sure that it compliments his interests.

A related study on choice of college course was conducted by Carla Camille Faustino Basa- Martinez and Odinah Navasquez Sagun (2002), entitled “Factors Affecting the Choice of Mass Communication as a Course Preference Among Mass Comm Students in Cebu City”. Their study aimed to find out the various reasons why Mass Communication students from different schools in Cebu took this particular course. They also wanted to determine if ability, interest, social, fallback and economic factors affected the decision to take up Mass Comm.

Basa-Martinez and Sagun employed the Correlational Survey design, coupled with random sampling. The respondents were first asked to answer a 4-part questionnaire, and were afterwards divided into focus groups to probe for more details that could not be answered by the questionnaires alone.

Their results showed that majority of the students decided to take up Mass Communication primarily because it was where their skills and abilities lay. They were aware of their capability in this field, although it wasn’t really what they wanted to take. The study also revealed that the students did not have sufficient knowledge about the course as “most of them just want to be seen on television and apparently believe that taking Mass Communication will lead them to that dream”. (p.14)

Basa-Martinez and Sagun’s study is related to our own inquiry because it seeks to find out the possible factors that affect students’ decisions in selecting their college course. However, their study is limited to exposing these factors, without mentioning how the factors affect the students taking up the course. This is where it differs from our study, because our study also wants to learn how these factors affect the students’ academic performance.

However, a lot of new students are confused when deciding what course they should take up in college (Gardner and Jewler, 2000). In fact, a lot of students have tried shifting to another course before they finally graduated. Gardner and Jewler also explain that many factors cause this uncertainty, such as the students being presented with vast and more advanced ‘fields of study compared to high school’, family or peer pressure, and the allure of a certain course because of the benefits it offers, although one lacks the interest, understanding, and/or propensity for it.

Nowadays, one of the most pressing of these factors is family pressure, particularly parental pressure. One of the conflicts between parents and their children in college deals with the parents’ expectations (J. Deese and E. Deese, 1957). Parents sometimes expect too much from their children, and this can result to problems especially if the child’s grades in college have considerably lowered compared to the ones he/she usually received in high school. J. Deese and E. Deese state that as a result, the parents might demand the student to do better, although they usually aren’t aware of the academic and social pressures their child is also facing at school itself.

J. Deese and E. Deese (1957) also point out another predicament between students and their parents, wherein the parents decide a college course for their child that mirrors their aspirations. Sometimes, these parents do not understand why their child wants to do something that doesn’t follow their footsteps, as J. Deese and E. Deese seek to point out here:

The engineer who can’t understand why his son is taking courses in art and music, the artist who is horrified by his daughter’s enthusiasm for economics and accounting, the physician who insists that his son follow a premedical curriculum, the lawyer who is upset because her daughter has no professional aspirations, the mother who is shocked because her daughter wants to be an electrical engineer are all cases in one point. (p. 8)

College students who allow their parents to choose their course for them end up dissatisfied and unhappy at some instant in their lives, to the point that some of these students eventually go back to college and pursue their own ambitions this time (J. Deese and E. Deese, 1957).

Yet in the light of recent studies, not all parents impose this kind of attitude on their children. Based on a study conducted in Chapel Hill, North Carolina by J. Taylor, Harris and S.Taylor (2004), parents are aware of the extent of their influence over their children on the process of choosing what college course to take. When asked to rate their views on their influence, 38.5% said that they do not possess that much authority on their children’s career decisions. A larger number of parents, 45.4%, deemed they should have little or minimal influence instead. The remaining 8.1% were the only ones who emphasized that they should have a huge part on their children’s career choice. These outcomes tell us that most parents look at career decision-making as something which they haven’t got much control over.

Other factors which influence students’ career decisions are also guidance counselors. In his “Principles of Guidance,” Jones (1963) defines guidance as “the assistance given to individuals in making intelligent choices and adjustments”. It is stated that every person has the freedom to choose his path, yet his capability to choose is not as inherent as this freedom—it must also be cultivated properly. Jones further expounds that guidance plays an important role in the development of this ability to make choices. It avoids making decisions for people, but instead trains them to learn how to make good choices independently without needing help from others.

A study conducted by Richard J. Light, (as cited in Gardner and Jewler, 2000) asked students from Harvard University what characteristics they sought in academic advisors. The results showed that males wanted an advisor who was knowledgeable about the facts or someone who could give them outright suggestions which they are then “free to accept or reject”. Females, on the other hand, prefer academic advisors who take the time to truly examine them and listen to their concerns on a personal basis.

On the subject of guidance counseling, a graduation dissertation entitles “Role Perceptions, Actualizations and Expectations Among Administrators, Counselors and Teachers in Relation to the Guidance Programs of Secondary Schools in Cebu City” (1974) by Veronica Tallo proved to be insightful.

Tallo used the descriptive survey method with a 3-part questionnaire, a 52-item checklist, and a few open-ended questions. The respondents were administrators, counselors and teachers selected on the basis of the existence of a structured guidance program in their respective schools.

Her study’s findings revealed that school counselors expected to be “engaged in the performance of the service role and share in the discharge of coordinating functions and supportive roles (p.6)”, which extremely differs from the principals’ and teachers’, who believe they should deal with administrative roles and supportive tasks, respectively. Tallo then suggested that school counselors should “present a clear-out definition of roles” they carry out in their job.

These findings are helpful because they give a concrete idea of what school guidance counselors expect of themselves and their job, especially because guidance counseling has its own role to play in career guidance for high school students soon to take up college. Of course, it still raises questions such as, “How huge then is the impact of guidance counseling on course preference?”

There is still another issue concerning the college life of the student, however, and that is continuity of his college education. For example, according to Borow and Lindsey (1959), many surveys in the USA based on “college mortality rates” show that about fifty percent of college students suspend their studies without receiving a bachelor’s degree. However, the percentage is different in each institution and the fifty percent average may not be exactly accurate because students who quit from a certain college may end up continuing their studies in other colleges. Nevertheless, the number shows us that a lot of students who start college do not complete their education.

Although financial problems might be the cause of abandoning college, it might be helpful to keep in mind that a college education offers much more job opportunities and useful contacts compared to “a high school diploma”, states Whitbourne (2002). In attempting to earn money, Whitbourne advises that it is best to choose a job that doesn’t drive you away from your schoolwork—preferably a part-time stint just within the school grounds.

There are still more factors which can be considered in the process of planning and getting a college education. Making the decision to go to college, selecting what colleges to apply for and choosing one’s course are not easy tasks, and if one has to do them, one must consider all the various variables and factors which make up college choice. These factors might be personal, emotional, sociological, economical or cultural. Although these factors have been touched by the studies mentioned in this review, we aim to take them a step further by also studying how they can possibly affect the academic performance of the college student as a whole.

cosmo, embog

1. in the “professional and technical positions and in administrative and managerial positions.” (p.16) (quoting a phrase, period should be after the parenthesis)
2. but for the UP graduates, waiting period is relatively shorter. (Arcelo & Sanyal, 1987) (period placement) always at the end of a parenthesis)
3. Furthermore, the Arcelo and Sanyal (1987) also determined (check sentence)
4. and quantity surveyors, ship and aircraft officers, air traffic controllers, legal associate professionals, social welfare associate professionals, even clergy.”(p.1-2) (period placement)
5. On the other hand, the Sion and Burlaza (2003) also outlined (check sentence)



Chapter II: Related Literature

The researchers of this study found numerous related literature of the study’s topic variables. The researchers gathered theses, books and journal articles found from the University of the Philippines Cebu College Library along with articles and journals found from reputable websites on the internet. The literature collected has been found to be correlated with the study’s major topics: Employment— on University of the Philippines graduates, job satisfaction, employer preference, employee preference, data; Psychology degree— career paths, data; Underemployment— causes, effects and data.
The employment market in the Philippines has seen better light in the previous year. The July 2010 Labor Force Survey reported 36,286 (in thousands) employed persons in the whole Philippines, a considerable increase from 2009’s 25,508 (in thousands) reported employed persons. The data gives the whole country a high employment rate of 93.1% versus the unemployment rate of 6.9% by July of 2010. Along with the data was the underemployed persons reported to be 6,490 (in thousands), a drop from the previous year’s 7,304 (in thousands). (National Statistics Office, 2010 a, b, c)
Graduates from the University of the Philippines have proven to have the upper hand in employment in the recent years, a light note that reflects the positive progress of the labor market. In a research study by Arcelo and Sanyal (1987), a graduate from the University of the Philippines shows a big potential of landing in the top two major occupations specifically in the “professional and technical positions and in administrative and managerial positions.” (p.16) With respect to how long a graduate waits to obtain a job, the average waiting period is about six months. Graduates who are unemployed are usually voluntary, as they are still seeking the right career for them, but the delay for those who are seeking jobs have attributed it to the lack of job opportunities for them. Nearly 80 per cent of employed graduates got jobs within a year after finishing their courses, but for the UP graduates, waiting period is relatively shorter. (Arcelo & Sanyal, 1987)
Furthermore, the Arcelo and Sanyal (1987) also determined from their respondents that 29.7% employed graduates were graduates of the University of the Philippines, second only to Propriety Colleges (35.9%) but higher than Catholic Colleges (14.7%). The top-ranking fields of specialization of UP graduates were from the Social Sciences with 18.8%, Medicine (18.4%), Engineering and Technology (16.9%), Business Administration (10.9), Law and Foreign Service (9%), Physical and Biological Sciences (6%), Teacher Education (3.8%), Liberal Arts (3%) and Music and Fine Arts with 2.6%.
The employments of the University of the Philippines’ graduates were also surveyed by Arcelo and Sanyal (1987). The study found that 73.7% of graduates were “professional, technical and related workers”, followed by 11.3% of “administrative, executive and managerial workers”, 5.3% of “clerical and related workers”, 3.8% “sales workers”, 2.3 “agricultural workers”, 3% “production, transportation and related” workers and 0.6% of unclassified (p.103).
The employees of the said employments have hired graduates who are not necessarily from a job-specific course (except for fields that require applied sciences degrees), as pointed out in the same study, commerce and business administration studies land “standard occupational classes”, teacher education graduates can land a variety of jobs, but liberal arts, social sciences and humanities graduates face the problem of a job market that is not as flexible to their fields compared to engineering graduates who can land jobs that are usually occupied by commerce graduates in the administrative and managerial sector (p 16). (Arcelo & Sanyal, 1987)
Despite the positive feedback from the employment sector of the Philippines and the graduates of the University of the Philippines, job-seekers who wish to land jobs that are in-line with their degrees have not been so lucky. In connection to the underemployment reported previously, according to the preliminary July 2010 Labor Force Survey of the National Statistics Office, the whole Philippines had an underemployment rate of 17.9%. In the regional level, Central Visayas or Region VII where the University of the Philippines Cebu College is located, had an underemployment rate of 13.8%. This information, although not limited to specific graduates of a certain course, gives us an idea of how much people are reduced to settle for a job that has little or no relevance to their bachelor’s degree.
Data taken from Arcelo and Sanyal’s (1987) study stated that 47.1% of Social Science graduates (in which the Bachelor of Arts in Psychology is under) are employed in jobs that are in line with their field of specialization. However, they also found that 17.6% of Social Sciences graduates are employed in jobs requiring business administration training and 15.7% in jobs that required skills in teaching. The minority in the percentage of graduates being employed in jobs that are not in line with their field of specialization is explained by the well-rounded training of liberal arts degrees that widen the employability of their graduates.
Graduates of a Psychology degree have been educated in such a way that they are able to deliver a wide array of skills and knowledge upon employment, therefore increasing their employability. This fact also gives us a clue on why Psychology graduates often end up working for jobs that are hardly even related to their course. Andrew Stevenson (2005), in his paper “What can I do with a Psychology degree?” showed statistics he had gathered from the Association of Graduate Careers Advisory Service (AGCAS) of Psychology graduates who have begun work 6 months after graduation.
Stevenson (2005) found that 17.4% of the said graduates pursue the “professional and technical field”. By “professional and technical”, Stevenson (2005) explains “... includes numerous occupations which are not obviously associated to psychology; architects, town planners, librarians, scientific technicians, draughtsperson and quantity surveyors, ship and aircraft officers, air traffic controllers, legal associate professionals, social welfare associate professionals, even clergy.”(p.1-2)
The unavailability of data pertaining to the employment outcomes of Psychology graduates in the Philippines leads us to depend on those from international sources, just to provide us with the state of employment of the graduates in the international job market, as it could be applicable to the Philippine setting. The data compiled by the American Psychological Association (APA) from the National Survey of Recent Graduates published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation/ Division of Science Resources Statistics should give us an idea of the status of careers of international students/graduates in the United States regarding the relationship of the graduate’s job with their BA/BS degree in Psychology. The data shows that 31.6% of degree holders have jobs that are closely-related to their degree, 34 % of “somewhat related”, and the biggest percentage comes from degree holders who have jobs not related to BA/ BS Psychology at 34.4%.

In more recent findings, a study on American Psychology graduates (Rajecki & Borden, 2009) found that 30.8% of the said graduates landed jobs that are not related at all to their college degree. This data is further backed up by Robst (2007) revealing that 55% of graduates land jobs that are related to their degree, 25% have those that are partially-related and the 20% have jobs that are not related. Robst also stipulated that the degrees that usually do not land jobs that match each other are from linguistics, social sciences and the liberal arts.
A study from the University of the Philippines Cebu College has assessed the different variables of the causes and effects of the underemployed status of some Filipino graduates. Burlaza and Sion’s thesis (2003) has found four main reasons of why graduates opt for a job that are not at all related to their college degree, as follows: no vacancy (unavailability of jobs) and income are both at 36%, followed by the tied need for experience and no other choice for employment at 14%.

On the other hand, the Sion and Burlaza (2003) also outlined the opposite sides of job-education match and mismatch. Along with the causes for underemployment also come the disadvantages of underemployment to the graduates and the advantages of having a job corresponding to their college degree. The research has found competition and less compensation or benefits as the main disadvantage of being underemployed (both at 31%), followed by the lack of interest (25%) and ineffectivity at one’s job (13%). Variables of the advantages of having a job that are related to the degree were also evaluated by the researchers. The respondents deem “knowledge theory application” as the most advantageous variable (40%), followed by job effectivity at 22%, higher compensation at 24% and job stability/tenure security at 14%.
Turning to the other end of the spectrum, there are graduates who purposely postpone employment to pursue higher education. Psychology graduates aren’t always satisfied with attaining a bachelor’s degree. More ambitious graduates seek for further education in the field to be able to fully practice the Psychology profession, and obtain higher educational titles and positions in employment. According to Papalia and Olds (1988), there are three levels of studying that a Psychology major can undergo to work in the field of Psychology. A four year college course will give a person a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology allowing him or her to work “as a welfare caseworker, a worker in rehabilitation program, a community health center or some other psychological facility”. (p.25) If the graduate wishes to pursue graduate school, two years of graduate studies will guarantee a Master’s Degree which would make possible working “as a school psychologist, in a clinic or with business or government agency.” (p.25) The next higher step is a doctorate degree. This would take three up to six years of studying and would prepare psychologists in “the traditional areas of research and clinical work for a Ph. D (Doctor in Philosophy).” However, there is a post-graduate study which has a more specific and practical focus. This is Psy.D. (Doctor of Psychology) where instead of a dissertation like in a Ph. D., a Psy.D. Candidate conducts a study or project related to their future goal which might be in psychotherapy, school psychology or any other subfields.
In a 2001 study by the American Psychological Association, Doctorate Degree holders have the highest employment rate, at more or less than 90% followed by MA/MS Degree holders then by Bachelor’s Degree holders. Most of those who are unemployed and are seeking for jobs are the bachelor’s degree holders tied with doctorate degree holders, but at a very minimal rate. For the unemployed and not seeking jobs, the highest rate is from the bachelor’s degree holders followed by the master’s degree holders then lastly by the doctorates. This study clearly implies that the higher a psychology graduate’s educational attainment, the higher is the chance of being employed.
A study by Freeman (1971) stated that a big number of workforce in the United States came from “high-level work force”. The trend now is that employment in “professional, technical and kindred jobs” is increasing therefore a large number of young people are now enrolled in universities to achieve higher education. Freeman’s findings in connection with the APA’s signify that a considerable percentage of graduates have been pursuing higher education for better employment opportunities.
Graduates seeking to pursue higher education may be in for some challenge, as applicants are already weeded out during the application process. A study about the graduate training of psychologists (Sternberg & Williams, 1997) stipulated that graduate schools choose the best students for their program and refer to their Graduate Record Examination (GRE) to determine the eligibility of the individual. This poses as a challenge for Psychology graduates who are not necessarily great in academics but are willing to take up further studies for their degree. This path might not be much of a problem for University of the Philippines’ graduates though, as 49.4% of them assess themselves as above-average students and 44.6% as average students (Arcelo & Sanyal, 1987), signifying superiority in intellect and educational records.


In lieu with the information about the University of the Philippines’ graduates in terms of employment that was previously discussed, literature was also collected to evaluate the ways and means of employed UP graduates in obtaining their job. University of the Philippines graduates obtained jobs through their company’s personnel office, unlike findings from a precursor of Arcelo and Sanyal’s (1987) study (HELMS I, 1981) that reported that majority of the graduates obtained jobs through friend/s or relative recommendation. Current findings of Arcelo and Sanyal (1987) have ranked the latter second to a company personnel office followed by recommendation from teachers, school placement office, media advertising and the government placement office.


Generally, factors that contributed to any graduate’s preference of jobs were evaluated in Burlaza and Sion’s (2003) paper which found that most of the respondents rated benefits and compensation as the most influential factor, followed by interest, stability/ tenure security, work location, working environment , position/rank, influences and need for work connection/referrals as the weakest influence (Table 7).


However, with the advent of the world wide web that spawned through the years since Arcelo and Sanyal’s study, graduates have also resorted to online sources suggesting certain occupations for a graduate with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology. A study by Rajecki (2008) found that occupations advised by on-line authors that are usually referred to by Psychology graduates seeking for employment suggested jobs that are not a match for Psychology bachelor’s degree graduates. These job suggestions would render a job-seeking new graduate underqualified (for jobs that need a higher degree of education) or overqualified (for jobs that do not need a bachelor’s degree). This discrepancy of information has proven to be disadvantageous to recent graduates, as overqualification or underqualification for a particular job has repercussions for job-seeking graduates.
Moving from the job-seeking stage of the graduates, one also has to evaluate the ways and means of the employers in making employment decisions. Employers in general, usually utilize selection tools in deciding whether or not to hire an applicant. Two studies were found regarding the two widely-used tools utilized by employers. A study about the cognitive ability test used by employers to predict job performance by Richard K. Wagner (1997) argued that cognitive ability tests were advisable for those who are new on the labor market, as quoted: “Unlike selection tools such as checking references or evaluating prior performance, cognitive ability tests can be given to individuals who are new to the job market” (para. 4). The same study also cited one by Schmidt, Hunter and Outerbridge (1986) that found that the job knowledge— a factor employers value in an employee— predictors constituted Job Experience (57%) and Cognitive Ability (46%). Furthermore, a cited study by R.J. Sternberg (1994) in the same article has found person-context interaction (cognitive abilities, knowledge, styles, personality, motivation, roles situations, values and luck) as a variable in determining job performance. Employers also utilize personality measurement tests (R. Hogan, J. Hogan & Roberts, 1996), described by McKinnon’s (1944) study cited in Hogan’s et al. as referring to a person’s reputation and his or her temperaments. Personality measures were deemed by Hogan and his fellow researchers as sustainable or long-term predictors of significant occupational outcomes of employee prospects, and works well hand-in-hand with cognitive ability tests.


As for employers dealing with Psychology graduates, the three topmost variables that were found to be important to employers were: skills and abilities, knowledge, and personality traits (Cannon, 2005). Under the category of skills and abilities are: proposal and report writing, identifying/solving problems, conducting interviews, administering standardized tests, computer analysis of data, observing/recording behavior, constructing tests & questionnaires and research projects (Table 2). Employers also look for a graduate’s knowledge in: formation and change of attitude and opinions, the manner in which people think, problem solve, process information; organizational development, human learning and motivation, peoples' perceptions and sensations, personality and human development theories and research and abnormal behaviors: symptoms, causes and treatments (Table 3). Lastly, personality traits employers search for are: motivation, leadership, organization, positive attitude, flexibility, communication skills, intelligence, problem solving ability, maturity, tolerance and integrity (Table 3).


Employed graduates of the University of the Philippines also cited job preparedness from their college degree as an important factor in employment. The value and usefulness of educational qualifications and training were evaluated by Arcelo and Sanyal (1987) in their study. University of the Philippines’ graduates determined that educational qualifications are “very necessary” at 57.3%, “necessary” at 22.3%, and “extra-ordinarily necessary” at 13.8%. The usefulness of formal training was deemed very necessary at 51.1%, followed by necessary 13.8% and extraordinarily necessary at 13.8%. All in all, educational qualifications and training were valued at “very necessary” by University of the graduates at 55.8%.


The necessity of educational qualifications and training also led to the evaluation of the content and method of instruction at the University of the Philippines. Forty-point-six percent of UP graduates evaluated the method of instruction as “very adequate” followed by “adequate” at 39.5%. The content of instruction was rated as “very adequate” at 44.7% followed by “adequate” at 32%. (Arcelo & Sanyal, 1987).
When an applicant is employed, the average new employee would mind certain factors in his or her employment. Among them are income, gender-based career progress and job satisfaction. The Arcelo and Sanyal (1987) study outlined the most important factors that determine a graduate’s starting salary: work experience and field of specialization. “Socio-Economic status variables of graduates, type of firms and regions from which students came from do not have influence on their earnings differentials, but occupational classification, industrial classification, type of university and educational attainments of graduates had some influence.” (p.17). In relation to this, acquiring a job with minimal or no relation to the degree field was found to have an effect on an employee’s income, as stated in a study by Robst (2007).
Gender-based career success of Filipino graduates seem to be non-existent in the current times, as found in Rosalyn Castro’s (2001) study of the Filipino graduates’ career advancement, but graduates who were student leaders of organizations or councils in their previous colleges were found to have more success in their career’s progression than those who were not active in extra-curricular activities and institutions.
Arcelo and Sanyal’s (1987) study laid out the variables of the job satisfaction of the employed UP graduates. Fifty-four percent of their respondents were satisfied with their current job— the respondents were still in the job-transition period as they were only two years into their job following graduation. Among the variables that the respondents stipulated that were the cause for their satisfaction were ranked as: self-fulfillment (1st), utilization of talents (2nd), good employee relations (3rd), job security (4th), good career prospect (5th), good income (6th), time for leisure (7th), travel opportunities (8th) and scholarship opportunities (9th). On the other hand, UP graduates also ranked the reasons for job dissatisfaction as follows: little or no opportunities for self-fulfillment (1st), less career progress (2nd), unsuitability to personal goals (3rd), poor working conditions (4th), non-application of college training (5th), and workplace conflict (6th).
Furthermore, the thesis of Burlaza and Sion (2003) found that 65% of their 96 respondents (most on their first-year employment right after graduation as the major age group is 21-26 years old) are satisfied with their present job, while 35% were unsatisfied. On the issue with having a job that are related to their college degree, 53% of them are satisfied while 47% were unsatisfied. The data goes to show that job satisfaction also relies on the relatedness of the job to the degree the employee had taken previously.


However, in a study conducted about the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance (Judge, Thorensen, Bono & Patton, 2001), in which the researchers studied different models of the relation between job satisfaction and job performance, they found no substantial or significant relationship between the two variables; therefore it was concluded that because of the substantial lack of foundation and weak correlation, the state of an employee’s job satisfaction does not reflect on job performance, or vice versa.
With all the sources we had gathered, we have found that the variables in our study have a significant number of related literature that would support their significance and relatedness to each other and to our future findings. There has been numerous literature gathered about the employment of Philippine graduates and those from the University of the Philippines and the Psychology graduates of the international labor market. This study aims to specify further the variables examined by the related literature to be able to examine the employment status of the BA Psychology graduates of the University of the Philippines in terms of underemployment and job-course match. This should also lead us to be able to identify the factors that led them to their current status and be able to assess their job satisfaction rates base don their current disposition.

sample chapter 3 for your reference

Revised Chapter 3
alda,castillo
Chapter 3

Theoretical Framework

In studying the impacts of internet on time management, we aim to develop a new hypothesis that time control is affected by internet usage, the frequencies on using the internet, and on the activities that are affected through using the internet. Aiming to find secure and dependable results of our study, we support our hypothesis with Roy’s Theory of Adaptation.

Roy’s Theory of Adaptation

This theory sees an individual as a set of interrelated systems, biological, psychological, and social. The individual tries to maintain a balance between a system and the outside world.

According to Sherman (2010), the model was founded by Sister Callista Roy when she was studying pediatrics in Los Angeles in 1960s. And naturally, this theory aids to help patients adapt to their situation emotionally and mentally.

This theory discusses that a person or a group of persons adapt to a certain environment that he or she is exposed to. Their behavior is affected by some factors, namely focal, the major factor, and contextual, the contributing factor to the behavior which is called as the environmental stimuli. Those factors are also directly related to the coping process of a person on that certain behavior. These coping processes may be a regulator, basing on the unconscious manner, a cognator, basing on the emotions, a stabilizer, or an innovator. The factors are also indirectly related to the modes of adaptation. These modes of adaptation are the coping process of a person in his or her environmental stimuli. These modes of adaptation may be physiological, psychological, self-concept, group identity, role function, or interdependence.

In environmental stimuli, the focal stimuli are further simplified as the objects that can be attractive to a person in the environment. Furthermore, the contextual stimuli are all other stimuli present in the environment that can contribute to the focal stimulus. The regulator of the coping process can further be defined as a subsystem that functions automatically through the nervous system and the cognator functions as a subsystem that helps a person to process the stimuli (Daniels, 2004).

Figure 1 on the next page shows the diagram of how Roy’s theory of adaptation flows in accordance to the elements present of the said theory. We can see that the management of stimuli is dependent on the environmental stimuli, depending on what is the environmental stimuli (focal, contextual). This environmental stimuli are also affected on the coping process (regulator, cognator). This will determine on how the modes of adaptation will affect on the different factors (physiological, self-concept, role function, interdependence).

Conceptual Framework

Since the researchers’ study is concerned about the impacts of internet usage on time control for other tasks of 3rd year UP-Cebu Management Students, the theory validates this since it matches the variables of our study to the elements found in Roy’s Adaptation Theory. Furthermore, basing it from the theory itself, the modes of adaptation can be focused on the physiological aspect or in self-concept which suites to the impacts involving oneself.

In addition to the study, the people that will manage the stimuli (environmental stimuli) are the University of the Philippines (UP) students since they are usually exposed to the environmental stimuli which are the internet usage and the internet itself and also they are the respondents of this research study.

Environmental stimuli is incorporated to the internet usage and the internet itself since it influences people on their projects and assignments. The internet is also used as an instrument for studying. Findings by Osunade (2003) showed that with the exposure to the internet, students are doing better significantly to their academics compared to the students without any access. Thus, having further justified, this environmental stimuli really affects a person’s academics and also other activities that he/she does.

In this case, the researchers use this theory on selected people in the society that can be students, employees and the like and not patients whom this theory is firstly concerned about. Since every people are exposed to the environment in any stimuli, there is a need to determine how they adapt to ones exposure to their well-being.

The exposure to the environmental stimuli of people who manages the stimuli will have its effect on how long they are exposed to the environmental stimuli. The duration of their exposure can be called as cognator. Thus, this regulator variable in the study is the frequency used upon accessing the internet. This also determines if there is a change in time spent upon accessing the internet towards other tasks. Upon determining the frequency the modes of adaptation can be achieved.

In this concept, the modes of adaptation are focused on the impacts of exposure of the students to the internet. These impacts also determine if there are some changes on what students usually do without the exposure to the internet. Thus, with the help of other variables, the impacts in which our study is determining will be achieved. These impacts also are focused on self-concept aspects.

On the relation of the theory to our research

Summarizing on what Roy’s theory of adaptation means, we can then apply it to our research on proving the effects of the internet on time management. Analyzing our topic, we found our variables as time management, internet, and students. Implying it to Roy’s theory of adaptation, we can then put the variables to the theory. We can conclude that the students’ behavior in managing his or her time are affected by their usage of internet, including their frequency on weekdays and weekends, and on how the usage of internet affects their daily activities such as socialization and daily routines (i.e. grooming, eating).

Figure 2 on the next page shows the flow of the conceptual framework combining it with the elements of Roy’s theory of adaptation. We can see that the UP Cebu students are affected by their usage of the internet depending on how frequent they use the internet, thus, giving a great impact on how the other activities are performed (i.e. grooming, socializing)

Operational Framework

Specifically, the 3rd year UP-Cebu Management students are the respondents on this study. In this level, students are bombarded with their major subjects, thus, making the internet a need for their researches and projects. Thus students are exposed to the environment stimuli in which its focal is the need to research and its contextual is recreation. As students, they tend to do their schoolwork with the help of the internet but, there are times when they use it for recreation when they have free time or when they don’t have any assignments, projects, etc. Thus, its cognator, or the coping process is determined by the number of hours used on weekdays and on weekends so that it would be clear and specific for the researchers to identify when do they most likely use the internet. To be more specific, the study would identify the impacts on study time, socialization and daily routine of the students, whether or not there is a change of time to be utilize by the three impacts when exposed to the internet.

Looking on the flow of Figure 3 on the next page shows the flow of how the specific variables of our research are placed to the elements of Roy’s theory of adaptation. Looking back on the research, it can be observed that the variables are students, internet, and time management. We can see that the 3rd year UP-Cebu Management Students will act as the respondents to the research. These respondents are affected on the internet, basing on how they use the internet (i.e. research, recreational), and on how long they use the internet in weekdays and weekends. Their style on internet usage will affect on how they perform their other activities (i.e. grooming, socializing).

antig, delos santos

1. The whole is more than the sum of its part.”This (space) serves as a strategic command for multinational companies because the main headquarters should ensure that the business must gain success despite of (despite, inspite of) external forces.
2. Based in Google, (what is this? Website or place?) Multinational corporations (MNCs) majorly have the economic role which simply channels physical and financial capital to..
3. Multinational corporations (multinational corps or Multinational Corp.. be consistent )
4. As multinational corporations maximize profits, it does not mean that they become exploiters but they serve as a catalyst for development. (always refer to sources) There is a give-and-take relationship between the multinational corporations and the domestic country for they both benefited in this game. Domestic country receives jobs, taxes, and manpower is boosted and on the other hand, the MNCs have been provided by resources and environment on where they can earn. But if MNCs will go beyond the limitations and if only they think of their own self- aggrandizement, it will end up as exploitation( Salma, 2007).
5. Based on Swedroe (1996) article, (possessive form put ’)
6. As cited in the Google, (not accepted. Too general.name of org, year?)
7. As cited in the Google, base (d) on the evidences
8. it is agreeable that multinational corporations are key factors in the large improvement in the welfare of developing countries (check construction)
9. Furthermore, MNCs are not committed to be engaged in the devastation of global environment but instead they serve as the driving force or agent in the spread of environmental advancements and the creation of eco-friendly markets. (source?)
10. Moreover cited by Swedroe (1996), (awkward, rephrase)
11. Recently, (how recent? Cite year) according to the University Essays, (name of org? year?)
12. Several intellectuals have pointed out that these MNCs create misleading and false need of consumers basically they make known that too much consumerism ideology. (faulty, check)
13. n the municipalities of Alcoy and Dalaguete, located in the southern part of Cebu province, Philippines. the company (check, faulty) pioneered in the production of quality dolomite in the entire Philippines and become a major supplier of dolomite in Japan and other markets in Asia.
14. On April 1 2001 (check punctuation) the company acquired the limestone mine in Garcia, Hernandez, Bohol. Which was (erroneous) formerly managed by its sister corporation.
15. According to I.L.O. (what is ILO)
16. More over (check) occupational
17. In some instance "expansion of employment and planning of training, further training and retraining" requires a much better effort of consultation in using and securing manpower databases. More over occupational classification systems is another essential factor effecting manpower planning and training. It acts as the mirror of the works performed by the laborer. Workers must be frequently monitored and updated considering the various changes that will occur through the introduction of new technologies. This kind of system must not lessen the professional status of the workers; rather this must improve their status through the consideration of the nature and the changes and through association of their skill requirements. (sources are lost here.cite from time to time)
18. In this sense, enjoys (huh) the right to form and trade unions that they choose and not be discriminated in exercising the right.
19. Employee involvement involved quality management in order the (check) employees to focus more
20. and skills for them to be able in making (faulty) sound decisions and in performing effectively
21. According to Google, based (not acceptable)
22. Keller (1985) stated the effects of mining in (on) the environment
23. On the contrary, based on the reports of Philippine Star (November 2009) , even though (check comma)
24. you don’t have a synthesis of your review.relation of reviewed studies to your problem not established in the last paragraph.


Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

We, the researchers would precisely review some related articles, studies and researches about how mining affects the people, on the country’s economy, and on the environment. The facts and information being synthesized and gathered by us were critically analyzed and evaluated in accordance to their relevance to the study. The role of mining industries and related Multinational companies in the economy and society were taken into consideration also.

According to Salma (2007), globalization village spreads so fast worldwide in the recent years living tremendous impacts in all aspects of human life. Globalization has accelerated, significant implications for the regulation and governance of international business, trade, investment, and the sprouting of multinational companies. These companies undertake such transaction for profit, resources, and power.
Multinational companies (MNCs) as defined by United Nations are large enterprises which control assets, factories, mine industries, sales offices, and the like in two or more countries (Barlett et. al, 2003). It is also known as transnational corporations that operate in more than one country and which has its own production unit.
Some examples of multinational companies include Pepsi Corporation, Nestle Corporation, Coca- Cola Company, MEPZA, and others. It is true that they aim at profit- maximization but also they provide quality service to the society and improving standard way of living to their shareholders, specially the employees, and workers. They make use of the advancement of technologies and thus, bringing economies to the large scale. They are not seen as devils in a way and they also serve as a blessing to any nation’s economic progress (Salma, 2007).
According to the famous Aristotle quote, “The whole is more than the sum of its part.”This serves as a strategic command for multinational companies because the main headquarters should ensure that the business must gain success despite of external forces. To create additional gain, corporations and industries should clearly define its role, goal, and priorities to be competitive enough to win the global competition. By doing so, profit can be maximized and attained both by the company and its laborers (Wikipedia).
The main goals which influenced the multinational companies based on Salma (2007), are to engage in international business expansion to acquire more sales and resources, to minimize competitive risk and variation of sources and supplies (Johnson and Turner, 2003). Besides, there are factors and agents which have influenced these to a greater extent which are economic, cultural, technological, and social factors.
Based in Google, Multinational corporations (MNCs) majorly have the economic role which simply channels physical and financial capital to countries which have financial shortages specially the developing countries. Wealth is created and as a result, this yields to the creation of jobs and employment. By improving the efficiency of capital flows, Multinational corporations reduce world poverty levels and provide positive relations with the United Nation’s mission.
As multinational corporations maximize profits, it does not mean that they become exploiters but they serve as a catalyst for development. There is a give-and-take relationship between the multinational corporations and the domestic country for they both benefited in this game. Domestic country receives jobs, taxes, and manpower is boosted and on the other hand, the MNCs have been provided by resources and environment on where they can earn. But if MNCs will go beyond the limitations and if only they think of their own self- aggrandizement, it will end up as exploitation( Salma, 2007).
Based on Swedroe (1996) article, another role played by MNCs is in the game of international trade which conveys that they are responsible for around two-thirds of world exports of goods and services. About half of it consists internal firm exports and increasing foreign direct investment (FDI). They have influenced international trade patterns though it may become complicated sometimes and cause monopolies.
As cited in the Google, base on the evidences supplied by the World Bank and United Nations, it is agreeable that multinational corporations are key factors in the large improvement in the welfare of developing countries over the last fifty years. Furthermore, MNCs are not committed to be engaged in the devastation of global environment but instead they serve as the driving force or agent in the spread of environmental advancements and the creation of eco-friendly markets.
Moreover cited by Swedroe (1996), advanced several programs are implemented by MNCs like the Global Environmental Management Initiative and Global Sullivan Principles which established several industry codes dedicated to the achievement of high levels of social responsibility pertaining to the environmental protection and awareness.
Recently, according to the University Essays, the rapid rise of MNCs is the number one talked of the town and in the global village. There are some bad feedbacks for some who have seen it as a leading threat of basic privacy. Several intellectuals have pointed out that these MNCs create misleading and false need of consumers basically they make known that too much consumerism ideology. Even though this idea arises, there are still evidences which can justify their significant contributions to the humanity.
Mining industry is an example of a Multinational Corporation that is rampantly established throughout the country that plays a big role in the economy.
What is mining?
According to Ibon Facts and Figures (1994), Mining is the excavation of mineral bed deposits from which different minerals are massively extracted from ore deposit sites and in mineral sea beds. Minerals are greatly essential in sustaining and uplift people's living. These serve as raw materials in order for industries, factories and establishments to run and to continue operating. Everywhere we go and everything we see, these are the products of so called - minerals. Minerals comprised the non-living but naturally inorganic substances in solid, liquid or any intermediate state like rocks, soil, sand, metals, gravel and other sources of energy like natural gas and geothermal energy.
HISTORY
According to Ibon Facts and Figures (1994), the big mining firms are owned by a combination of the old Filipino meztizo elite families, the new Filipino - Chinese Taipans individual foreign investors and multinational corporations (MNC’s). With the presence and aid of locals, mining industry flourished as a result, the people’s way of life, laborers and the economy booms.

Modern mining techniques are divided into four main types: Surface or open-cast, underground, fluid, and marine of seabed deposits. Dolomite Mining is a kind of surface mining wherein the minerals to be mined are found closely on top of the mountains. In this kind of mining, the first thing to be done is to get rid of waste materials covering the minerals. A kind of technique for this is the open-pit mining in which the minerals were excavated. It involves the flattening of mountains to extract minerals from ore chunks (The New Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia).
According to Strahler (1963), Dolomite is a kind of mineral that contains the element Magnesium (Mg) that gives to its chemical formula CaMg(CO3)2. It is much harder than Calcite and it is not merely formed by precipitation but also it undergone by a chemical process as Magnesium- bearing, saltwater is entirely soaked through it.
In the country, many mining industries are established and a concrete example of a Dolomite Mining industry is the Philippine Mining Services Corporation in Pugalo, Alcoy, Cebu.
Philippine Mining Service Corporation (PMSC) was established on June 16 1980 as a subsidiary of Kawatetsu Mining Company Ltd. and Kawasaki Steel Corporation, both of Tokyo, Japan, to fulfill the vision of developing the huge dolomite deposit found in the municipalities of Alcoy and Dalaguete, located in the southern part of Cebu province, Philippines. the company pioneered in the production of quality dolomite in the entire Philippines and become a major supplier of dolomite in Japan and other markets in Asia. On April 1 2001 the company acquired the limestone mine in Garcia, Hernandez, Bohol. Which was formerly managed by its sister corporation. At present, PMSC has increased its capital and production of quality dolomite and limestone to ensure a continuous supply to the different industries in Japan Asian continent.
Manpower Planning
According to I.L.O. (1990), mining industries will not be possible without its laborer. In a mining industry, man power planning is an obscure process mainly because of the rapid change in the energy market and some factors that threaten the workers on mining industry. In some instance "expansion of employment and planning of training, further training and retraining" requires a much better effort of consultation in using and securing manpower databases. More over occupational classification systems is another essential factor effecting manpower planning and training. It acts as the mirror of the works performed by the laborer. Workers must be frequently monitored and updated considering the various changes that will occur through the introduction of new technologies. This kind of system must not lessen the professional status of the workers; rather this must improve their status through the consideration of the nature and the changes and through association of their skill requirements.

Labour-Management Relations
I.L.O (1990) also stated that good labor - management relations should be given the prime importance and should actively peruse. In this sense, enjoys the right to form and trade unions that they choose and not be discriminated in exercising the right. In return, employers must respect their worker's independence, should recognize the representative organizations and facilitate their participation in the settlement of all questions affecting the workers interests. In the level of the mine, problems could arise on the relations between employers and workers, and this is of particular importance. This can only be resolved when both have a mutual understanding and respect and both parties should establish a common condition making possible at one and the same time the protection of the interest of the other workers and the effective operation of the undertaking.
According to Daft (2008), Total Quality Management (TQM) focuses directly on the management of total organization in order to deliver good quality service to the consumers for MNCs to deal with the global competition. Employee involvement involved quality management in order the employees to focus more on the production for them to find out what really attracts costumers. In this case, costumers are given much attention and so the employees and the company have the chance to enjoy big profits and incomes. With the help of this good working relation, nation’s economy also becomes progressive.

Employee Empowerment
Daft (2008) cited that empowerment means giving the employees the opportunity to show how creative they are by honoring them their freedom, resources, enough information, and skills for them to be able in making sound decisions and in performing effectively. Empowerment also expands their behavior as reflected in their works, job enrichments and in employee participation. Companies that adopt in this kind of idea believe in treating their employees well by providing competitive wages and installing good working conditions, and as well as giving skillful trainings which can enhance their abilities. By doing so, the employee – employer relationship gains much productivity and profits.
Furthermore as cited in University-Essays, most MNCs have recognized the need to be responsive to local markets, in political needs and styles in management followed by them are in active shifting towards an idea of “Think Global, Act Local”.
Effects on the Economy
According to Director Muyce (1992), low international metal prices are not the primary reason for the slump of the local metal mining industry, but lack of investments. But as years passed by, mineral and metal prices increase leading to a large scale economy (Ibon Facts and Figures, 1994).
According to Ibon Facts (1998), the mining firms have greatly contributed to the economy because of the growing mineral output and the great increase and the great increase in metal prices. In the Philippines, mining sectors provided a 48% increase of the gross production output from metallic mines from PHP 37 billion to PHP 55 billion in 2006.
According to Reyes (2005), mining industry gains its power in upbringing the country's economy. Philippine Mining Industry has boosted because of the rich mineral resources. Philippines have owned the top rank producers of chromites, copper, nickel and gold because of its geographical location. It has eighteen active volcanoes that lay within the Pacific 'rim of fire', an orogenioc belt associated with active ore-forming mineralization.
Moreover as stated by Reyes (2005), the contribution of the mining sector to the economy continues to expand with the growing output and unprecedented increase in metal prices. The mining sector registered a genuine performance with gross production output from metallic mines rising 48% from P37 billion in 2006 in the Philippines.
According to Google, based on statistics conducted by International Monetary Fund in 2010, Philippines topped as the 4th largest economy in the South East Asia and ranked as 33rd largest economy in the world. In the country, newly industrialized market is emerging and flourishing up to 7.3% growth in Gross Domestic Product in the year 2010 despite of global financial crisis and depreciation. This 7.3% increase in 2010, was described as the highest and fastest growth in 24 years in the history. The important sectors which contributed in the booming of country's economy are the textile, garments, food manufacturing and electronics assembly. Mining industries also have the greatest contribution because these mineral mining attract foreign and local investors.
Effects on the Environment

Keller (1985) stated the effects of mining in the environment tend to be inevitable because of the growing demands for mineral deposits. No matter how hard people try to reduce the adverse impact of mining, it is obviously impossible to realize it since the needs for more and more minerals will eventually require vast areas for further excavation and digging processes.
On the contrary, based on the reports of Philippine Star (November 2009) , even though mining causes many environmental problems, Philippine Mining Service Corporation- Philippine Dolomite Mining was announced as the Titanium Winner under the Quarry Operation category of the Presidential Mineral Industry Environmental Award and second runner- up for Non- Metallic Category of best Mining Forest during the fifty sixth Annual National Mine Safety and Environment Conference last November 14, in Baguio City.